Examination of Clinical Psychology

Examination of Clinical Psychology Kristina England PSY/480 Tara Thompson University of Phoenix Clinical psychology focuses on the â€Å"assessment, treatment, and understanding of psychological and behavioral problems and disorders; in fact, clinical psychology focuses its efforts on the ways in which the human psyche interacts with physical, emotional, and social aspects of health and dysfunction† (Plante, 2011, P. 5). This paper will examine the field of clinical psychology.This paper will provide a brief overview of the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology, explain the role of research and statistics in clinical psychology, and last discuss the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions, including social work, psychiatry, and social psychology. Throughout the course of history, there have been many events that have laid the foundation for the development of clinical psychology; each era holding a different view and providing n ew perspective and insight as explanation.The ancient Greeks believed the Gods â€Å"were the cause of both health and illness and that the mind and body were closely interconnected† (Plante, 2011, P. 46). Moving into the Middle Ages followed the same concept of the relationship between health, illness, body, and mind; however, it was spiritual beings such as demons, sin, and witches that caused disease and insanity. The Renaissance brought new discoveries, beliefs, and insight to the table; decreasing the beliefs that the cause of disease and insanity were the result of supernatural beings or religious views.Discoveries in medicine provided information in biomedical reductionism. It was suggested that â€Å"disease and mental illness could be understood through scientific observation and experimentation rather than beliefs about the mind and soul† (Plante, 2011, P. 46). Moving forward to Freud’s time, Sigmund Freud along with his colleagues brought the notion o f the connection between the mind and body to resurface; as Freud demonstrated the â€Å"connection between unconscious conflicts and emotional influences capable of bringing forth disease† (Brown, 1940).Freud’s views of the connection between the mind and body gave an opening for the beliefs of the Greeks to reemerge; allowing a more holistic view of health to be considered as an acceptable answer regarding emotional life, and one’s health, illness, and behavior. Psychology was first established when Wilhelm Wundt developed the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879 and published the first classic psychology text in 1890 titled Principles of Psychology. The American Psychological Association (APA) was established in 1892 with G.Stanley Hall as its president and led into the creation of clinical psychology. Clinical psychology was formed not as a result of agreement of the APA, but rather in spite of it as many clinicians felt lack of support and concern for the clinical aspect of psychology. As a result more focus began to take place in clinical psychology and in 1896 the first psychological clinic was opened at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer and a future for the need and purpose of clinical psychology.The evolving nature of clinical psychology holds much in store as advancements in technology and communication fields continue to rise. There are many events that have contributed to the ever-changing and evolving nature of clinical psychology; one event in particular that significantly impacted clinical psychology is the changes made by the APA. The changes made in the publications and the revisions of the DSM, particularly regarding the ethical standards (Plante, 2011). The field of clinical psychology will continue to change with new methods and cost efficient ways reaching to expand and redefine quality mental health care.Research and statistics are a fundamental part of clinical psy chology and are, in essence, the very foundation of which it is built. Research is used to help answer questions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and human behavior as well as when investigating research questions; particularly in cases involving new, rare, or unusual phenomenon. Generally, the primary goal of research in clinical psychology is to â€Å"acquire knowledge about human behavior and use this knowledge to help improve the lives of others. Clinical psychologists use the scientific method in conducting their research activities† (Plante, 2011, P. 06); the scientific method is a way to ask and answer questions through making observations and performing experiments. The steps to the scientific method include asking a question, doing background research, constructing a hypothesis, perform an experiment to test hypothesis, analyze data, and draw a conclusion, and finally communicate the results (â€Å"Science Buddies,†Ã‚  2002). Statistics in clinical psychology a re applied to research and is used to determine whether the findings are valid and reliable so that they can be modified to accommodate, or remain the same.The differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions can include length of education and training, point of focus, and location, or setting, of the work environment. Social workers typically hold a bachelor’s degree in social science, such as psychology or sociology, and subsequently enter a two-year graduate program to attain a master’s degree in social work; followed by two years supervised clinical experience to become licensed as a Clinical Social Worker (Plante, 2011, P. 25). Unlike with psychology, social work holds less emphasis on training in research.Psychiatrists are â€Å"physicians who earn a medical degree (MD) and complete residency training in psychiatry† (Plante, 2011, P. 24). Generally, psychiatrists receive a bachelor’s degree in premedical related fields su ch as biology or chemistry; followed by four years of medical school to obtain a MD degree. Prior to residency, a one year clinical internship is completed; however, unlike a clinical psychology internship, medical internships focus on medical training, and the residency is more so aimed to psychotherapy.Social psychology is â€Å"the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another; studying how individuals are affected by social interactions with groups and relationships† (Kinderman, 2009). Unlike clinical psychologists, social psychologists do not treat individuals suffering from mental or emotional issues; but rather observe how individuals influence one another’s behavior and attitude both individually and in group settings. According to the APA, clinical psychology â€Å"attempts to use the principles of sychology to better understand, predict, and alleviate intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behaviora l aspects of human functioning† (APA, 2009a, as cited in, Plante, 2011, P. 5). This paper has examined the field of clinical psychology. This paper has discussed the history and evolving nature of clinical psychology, explained the role of research and statistics in clinical psychology, and last discussed the differences between clinical psychology and other mental health professions, including social work, psychiatry, and social psychology.References Brown, J. F. (1940). Freud’s contribution to psychology, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 10(4), 866-868. Doi: 10. 1111/j. 1939-0025. 1940. tb05757. x Kinderman, P. (2009). The future of psychology: a view from outside. Counseling Psychology Review, 24(1), 16-21. Plante, T. G. (2011). Contemporary clinical psychology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Science Buddies. (2002). Retrieved from http://www. sciencebuddies. org/science-fair-projects/project_scientific_method. shtml

PEST analysis †Public Bank Essay

Procedure (a) The organisation’s annual report is evaluated (b) Market research and Internet survey has been done to gather more information about the latest news. (c) Interviews were held with suppliers, dealers, stuffs, customers and the publics. Findings About Public Bank Public Bank commenced business on 6 August 1966 and was listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) on 6 April 1967. Public Bank remains a leading integrated financial conglomerate in Malaysia. With trust and strong support from the public and commitment from its management and staff, the Public Bank Group remains focused on providing all aspects of banking and financing services which include commercial banking, hire purchase, merchant banking, leasing and factoring, stock broking, sale of trust units and management of unit trusts, and related financial services such as nominees and trustee services, and investment holding. To further strengthen the Group’s performance, Public Bank has begun to further rationalise its Group operations after its successful acquisition and integration of the former Hock Hua Bank in 2001. This rationalisation involves the privatisation of Public Finance to achieve economies of scale, improve cost efficiency and to enhance the market presence of the Group. This rationalisation also helps the Group to achieve its objective of being a preferred one-stop financial service provider in Malaysia. The management and staff of the Public Bank Group are fully committed to  achieve its corporate vision of being ranked among the top 100 banks in the world. In 2002, Public Bank’s world ranking by The Banker improved to the 173rd position, up from 216th in the preceding year. A high standard of customer service is the hallmark of the Public Bank Group that puts it ahead of its competitors. The bank-wide ISO 9001:2000 certification for the Provision of Customer Service at the Front Office in 2001 was a reaffirmation to ensure that courtesy, efficiency, accuracy, empathy, and integrity of customer service are upheld at all times throughout the Bank. Meeting quantitative service standards such as the 2-minute Standard Waiting Time and the 1-minute Standard Processing Time for core transactions for greater customer convenience has become the norm for the Group. To further enhance its customer service standards, ISO 9001:2000 certification for Provision of Customer Service in Loan Delivery has been secured for selected branches in 2002, and this will be extended to all branches in 2003.

Consumer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Consumer behaviour - Essay Example Moreover, these traits mostly represent the processes used when consumers are considering physical products for purchase. Most tourists make travel decisions based on the influence of their friends or family members, or due to the emotional appeal of tourist destinations. It is important to understand that tourists usually undertake varied decision making processes when they choose to go on holiday. A good example of this is the scenario where people who were not meaning to go on a visit any where suddenly make a last minute decision to accompany friends or family members to exotic lands. According to (Solomon, Bamossy, Askegarrd, and Hogg 2009) in modern times, there are tourist behaviours such ‘‘last-minute’’ decisions to travel show that traditional decision-making methods are becoming irrelevant. There are even more factors that travellers decide to use in determining the choices of tourist destinations that they decide on. For instance, it would appear that for some travellers, the choice of where or when to travel is an ongoing process which may be changed even after a decision has been made on the preferred destination. In addition, more and more travellers are allowing their decisions to be influenced by nostalgia, travel party, and date. Travellers today are also more ready to expose themselves to surprises as they feel that this is the only way in which they will authentically be able to experience any destination. According to Alain Decrop, there are travelers who choose travel destinations even without conducting any research on the culture of the places they are going to visit in order to experience the chosen destinations in a more unbiased manner (Decrop 2005). In such cases, what is unexpected adds to the excitement of the first time experiences of the tourists. Planning for a holiday will remove the excitement of first landing in a foreign land and thus destroy the whole purpose of travelling in the first place. 2. Com pare the information search process, as it is described in the case, with the search process that consumers might follow for one other product category (e.g. a household appliance or a perfume). When making purchase decisions, consumers may take into consideration a lot of information; particularly when deciding on a product brand such as a car or a sofa set. This differs from the decision making processes used by tourists when picking vacation destinations. Many consumers do not pick household appliances on a whim; or decide to order for these products from a store while leaving the decision on colour or texture to the seller so as to experience the element of surprise. For the most part, household goods and other such products are chosen after consumers embark on sequential decision processes in which various options are considered in a systematic method until the customer arrives at his or her last remaining choice. Following this evaluation process, the customers will choose the product they wish to purchase. Moreover, there are other ways in which purchasing decisions made during the procurement of products are somewhat similar to those used when travellers are picking on vacation spots. This is because a consumer can change his or her mind and pick on a competitor’s merchandise instead; or cancel the acquisition altogether. This could be spurred by impolite staff in the place of transaction, a long queue, or even a complicated

Lincoln Electric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lincoln Electric - Essay Example Lincoln   Electric   follows   a   hierarchical   management   system. In   a   hierarchical   system, there   is   a   strict   distinction   between   the   different   levels   of   management   within   the   organization, with   each   level   or   hierarchy   concerned   with   the   functioning   of   that   level   only   (Armstrong, 2006). The   power   and   responsibilities   associated   with   the   management   of   the   organization   converge   from   the   workers   upward   toward   the   president   or   executives   of   the   company   (Armstrong, 2006), so   that   the   workers   are   at   the   lowest   stratum   and   the   president   or   the   managing   executives   at   the   highest   stratum   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010). This   holds   true   for   the   Lincoln   Electric   as   well, since   it   is   clearly   mentioned   in   their   company   description   that   there   is   a   well   defined   distinction   between   the   managers   and   workers   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010), and   although   open   communication   and   socializing   is   encouraged, the   fine   hierarchical   line   is   not   traversed   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010). The   company   has   workers, sales   representatives, supervisors, middle   managers, and   top   executives, with   each   level   functioning   within   its   own   boundaries   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010). The   management   of   the   company   provides   a   lot   of   incentives   to   its   workers   which   encourages   them   to   work   hard   and   with   sincerity   towards   producing   high   quality   products   and   increasing   the   yield   and   profits   of   the   company   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010). Since   the   total   profit   is   shared   among   the   workers   based   on   their   performance   and   merit   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010), it   is   only   in   the   interest   of   the   workers   to   work   hard   and   with   honesty   to   increase   the   profits. The   rewards   that   the   workers   get   are   substantial   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010). The   job   descriptions   and   requirements   are   clearly   and   precisely   defined   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010), and   given   the   capitalist   form   of   business   environment   in the   United   Sates   (Armstrong, 2006) as   opposed   to   the   labor   intensive   form   practiced   in   Europe   (Lincoln   Electric, 2010), this   system   has   proven   to   work   very   well   in   the   United States.  

MKTG 4050 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

MKTG 4050 - Essay Example The Strength and weakness are within the organization. And the opportunity and threat are from the respective markets. Strength: the main strength is the brand name McDonald’s. However, the brand name is been maintained by the highly skilled professionals within the organization and the new product, that is the Healthy meal is having a great strength within the name itself. Most of the people buy the brand instead of buying the product. And if the McDonald’s can sustain the internal strength then the new product will be a successful approach. Weakness: The weakness is one of the factors which pull a product down from the top to the bottom. One of the main weaknesses is the fixed menu of the new product. It is true that the new menu for the Healthy meal is suitable for the kids and the elders as far as the health issues are concern. But, there are many competitors are there who are having optional items in the meal menu. Opportunity: Obesity has become one of the major issues for the fast food industries. Sixty three percent say that obesity has become one of the major issues globally (Levi 49). The fast food is among the main reasons for the alarming rate of obesity due to the calorie contains in the fast foods. The Healthy Meal has mashed potatoes instead of fried and baked food instead od deep fried and that is the main opportunity within the industry. Threat: the threat is the competition. There are many competitors are there who provided healthy food and they are Subway, Taco Bell, and Berger King. The Taco Bell has a menu option for the healthy meal and that is very much threatening for the new product of the McDonald’s. However, McDonald’s healthy meal for kids has all the foods which are healthy. The opportunity and the strength are very much closely related. In this health conscious market the healthy meal is the primary opportunity for McDonald’s and at the same time the well trained staffs can make it big. The

Gulf Currency Union Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gulf Currency Union - Research Proposal Example Keywords: Gulf Currency Union, GCU, Middle East, Saudi Arabia. Gulf Currency Union: A Research Proposal Gulf Currency Union is a popular object of professional discussion. Much has been written and said about its benefits and potential costs for the Gulf countries. GCU exemplifies a complex product of multiple influences and reflects the growing role of globalization and integration in economic relations between Middle Eastern countries. However, how GCU will affect these countries remains unclear. Clearly, there is a need for a study of GCU and its effects on Saudi Arabia. The choice of this research topic is justified by the growing importance of GCU ideas in the Middle East and the lack of information about the benefits and costs of GCU for Saudi Arabia. It is imperative that the effects of the currency union on Saudi Arabia be understood in their entirety, to ensure that the country uses the potential of GCU membership to the fullest and can easily avoid its drawbacks. Literature Review The growing body of literature indicates sustained popularity of GCU and related subjects in literature. The history of economic cooperation between GCC states dates back to 1981, when the Free Trade Area in the GCC region was established and a unified Economic Agreement was ratified (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). Since 1981, economic cooperation in among the six GCC states had been rapidly expanding (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). Unfortunately, because of numerous political tensions in the Middle East, the GCC states failed to implement the vision of economic integration; it was not before the beginning of the 21st century that the idea of a common trade and currency area was revitalized (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). During the 1990s, the GCC countries also attempted to establish a customs union (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). Today, the existing relationships between Gulf countries lay a solid foundation for implementing the Gulf Currency Union idea into practice. It should be noted, that more and more researchers are interested in analyzing the effects of GCU on the Middle Eastern world. The topic of monetary union in the Gulf region remains one of the popular objects of public and political debate. Previous literature â€Å"has concentrated on three main themes, namely, the costs and benefits of a single currency in the short and long term; the degree of macroeconomic policy coordination and the extent to which the Gulf States meet the theoretical criteria of an optimal monetary union; and finally the best exchange rate regime for the single currency.† (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010, p.9) There is no agreement on the pros and cons of GCU for Middle Eastern countries. According to Buiter (2007), the union can benefit the GCC countries in that it promotes economic openness and financial security, as well as greater integration followed by the development of a common goods/ services/ capital/ labor markets. However, the lack of supranational governmen t bodies and institutions makes such outcomes extremely unlikely; moreover, countries joining GCU will have to sacrifice their political independence for the sake of economic integration (Buiter, 2007). Al-Bassam (2008) explored the benefits of GCU for Bahrain and developed a list of factors supporting GCU, including the elimination of currency transaction costs, considerable economic and financial savings, minimization of exchange rate risks, better pricing transparency and improved competition in business, greater fiscal

Sociology - Medical Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sociology - Medical Knowledge - Essay Example Fleck's main assertions came through his assessment of the research done on syphilis. He shows that our "thought style" through the ages accounts for the evolution of syphilis studies. The first thinking was from "mystical-ethical" ideas in which syphilis was thought to have come from both fornication and the position of the stars (White, 2002). The second stage of thought was that syphilis was a reaction to heavy metals such as mercury, which was "empirical-therapeutic" thinking. The third stage developed pathogenic thought that caused "perverted blood" to be the main cause of syphilis. And the last, modern, thought style is that of etiological thinking, which arose through the Wasserman reaction that allowed for syphilis testing to be done. Fleck worked on the last stage and notes how the research that discovered this procedure was based upon all the thought styles that had gone before (ibid.). The culture of the first stage relied heavily on the stars for much of their "research". The culture of the third stage may have come from the socio-political influences of the time, a moral outrage of the times, especially as a result of all the reigning kings that came down with syphilis infections. Our current thinking about syphilis is based on the background and training, according to Fleck, of modern day researchers, including his own. Fleck believed that even the study of bacteriology has been a reflection of our social viewpoint, that it is a social product. He points to common metaphors such as "invading microorganisms invading the body" as being aligned with the expansion of imperialism. It has also been a large concern of militaries throughout centuries of warfare that the soldiers have contracted syphilis. The ways that people also describe bacteria as "demons infecting the person" is a reflection of the impact of religion on the sciences. As another example of Fleck's thoughts on constructed medical knowledge, anatomical drawings through history have reflected the thinking of the era. The ancient drawings depicting skeletons, for instance, showed them as death figures and seemed designed to remind people of their mortality. An emotional element was also included in ancient drawings, such as those of the knee that referred to it as the "site of mercy" (White, 2002). By contrast, modern drawings of the human body draw more from the Industrial Revolution (ibid.) by looking mechanized, such as Descartes clockworks. Bernard Stern showed the opposition to medical practices that we take for granted now when they were first used. Dissection was challenged for the prevailing religious views. Vaccinations were thought to be an unskilled practice not useable by practitioners of their time because they could not charge enough of a fee for them. And the spread of infection by doctors was disputed by doctors because it insulted their professional integrity. The modern thinking that medicines are the only thing to impact the body while inert products do not can be shown to be a constructed piece of medical "knowledge". This "thought collective" does not account for the 90% cure rate of ulcers with placebo (Moerman, 1981). Fleck calls this "the result of Cartesianism, a mind/body dichotomy." Health Promoters' Version of Socially Constructed Health Knowledge Constructionists question the validity of objectivity and factuality in medical knowledge because of the impact of

Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project - Assignment Example e main purpose of this activity is to allow the participants to learn why it is necessary to bring the special education and the general education teachers together. The session makes it possible for them to develop a collaborative plan that will enable them to effectively meet the various academic and the social needs of the students with various disabilities and those in the general education settings. This activity recognizes the unique roles and responsibilities that each of the teachers have in the collective planning process. Through this session, it is possible for them to gain immense understanding of the special needs of the students that they will be dealing with. The outcome of this will be increased partnerships and collaborations between them thus ensuring that they are able to enhance their performance in the various educational settings. In the long run the benefits will be passed down to the students as they will be taught with their academic and social goals in mind. In order to take part in the session and for it to be a success, all the participants need to be well prepared. This entails defining the roles of those taking part. For this activity, there are three key participants who had specific roles to play. The three roles included time keeping, team leading and recording. The roles can be assigned randomly or each person allowed choosing the role that they feel they can effectively fulfil. The duty of the team leader was to initiate the meeting and communicate the details of the session to the other members of the team. This will include those who were to attend but were unable to do so due to reasons that were beyond their control. The recorder had the duty of capturing and also disseminating the minutes from the planning sessions. This allowed for the continuity of such sessions in future. The time keeper on the other hand was tasked with the duty of ensuring that the items which were to be consider were covered and that the session took

Institutional Realities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Institutional Realities - Research Paper Example Specific Problem in the Acute Long Term Organization. This will look at research and theories that look at the acute long term organization. This will form a basis of the problems which need to be solved with the current strategic project. Specific Problems Defined. This section describes the specific problem in RHC as well as how this relates to various aspects that need to change within the organization. Strategic Planning Issue. This will look at the one issue that will be examined in terms of RHC and how this will be formulated for continuous planning and change within the organization. Theory of Constraint. Looks at the main problem associated with RHC in terms of the theory of constraint. Process Analysis Theory. This is the second theory which applies to the problems of RHC. Application of Strategic Planning. Looks at the mission, vision, plan and implementation of the strategy while defining ways to approach the main issues. Strategy of Continuous Organizational Improvement. Examines the ways to continuously approve with the implementation of the new strategy and expectations. References. List of resources used for this project. Annotated Bibliography Bryson, John. (2004). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations UK: John Wiley and Sons. This book describes the strategic change cycle as well as how this is incorporated into non –profits and care systems. Not following this cycle is the main problem of the health care system, specifically because there is the need to respond to trends and to look at the situations that are a part of the culture and the community. Carr, Deborah, Dmitry Khodyakov. (2007). â€Å"End – of – Life Health Care Planning Among Young Old Adults: An Assessment of Psychosocial Influences.† Journals of Gerontology 62 (2). This article is used to examine the different approaches which are looked at in the long term acute care system. It can be seen that psychosocial influences create a spec ific impression about the care which is offered and creates gaps with the market and the desire to be a part of the main care system. This is one of the concepts which RHC needs to look at with the re-engineering of their program, specifically to change the quality care offered. Coleman, EA, C Parry, S Chalmers. (2006). â€Å"The Care Transitions Intervention.† Archives of Internal Care 57 (1). This article is used to describe the way in which care systems need to look at staff and employment training. It shows that a main gap that is associated with the care system is based on the misunderstandings that are a part of the care transition that occurs. Employees are expected to begin understanding the need to intervene and change the approach which is taken toward the long term care. Eskildesen, Manuel. (2007). â€Å"Long – Term Acute Care: A Review of the Literature.† Journal of American Geriatrics Society 55 (5). The article that is reviewed looks at the general issues of long – term acute care and how many are influenced by the specific needs that are in the facilities. Looking at the review of literature helps to define the issues ranging from cost control to the associations that are a part of the acute care. Ford, JD, AD Amelio. (2008). â€Å"Resistance to Change: The Rest of the Story.† Journal of Management 72 (3). This article is used to explain the difficulties with change and change management. The article will be used to

Coherent Diffraction Imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Coherent Diffraction Imaging - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to give a general overview of the phase problem; to discuss existing iterative phase reconstruction algorithms, aimed to solve the problem; to consider their peculiar properties and differences. In addition, the recent developments in coherent diffraction imaging are reviewed, with an emphasis on the impact that this technique has on biophysics, biochemistry and nanoscience. Various lens-based optical techniques, starting from conventional optical microscopy to more advanced methods, such as phase-contrast, fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy are based on the exploiting of lenses to reproduce an image of the target object. The development of these techniques revolutionized many of scientific fields, especially biology, chemistry, medicine and physical sciences. Nowadays new methods of imaging have been appeared, among which the coherent diffraction imaging deserves a special attention, as one of the most promising methods of high-quality imaging of complex objects, including the imaging on the nanometre length scale. Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) is a modern approach of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional reconstruction of an object’s image on the basis of its diffraction pattern, which is recorded as a result of illumination of the object by a coherent beam of x-rays, electrons or protons and subsequent backscattered reflection. The collected diffraction pattern is measured and used for obtaining the image via iterative computational algorithms rather than via lenses (see Fig.1). Because of an image of a target object is created without the use of lenses or other optics, the method is also often called â€Å"lensless imaging.† Such technique allows avoiding an excessive aberration and improving a quality of image, increasing its resolution. CDI involves the â€Å"phase problem† related to the loss of the information that describes

Educational In Cambodia Essay Example for Free

Educational In Cambodia Essay Education is very important means to train and build up human resources for development of each country and it is also important for development of child as person. However, educational system in Cambodia has suffered too much during Khmer Rouge Regime from 1975 to 1979. After that period, the government has tried to improve it by cooperated and collaborated with external aid and non-governmental organization (NGOs). According to the Cambodian constitution, it states that â€Å"the state shall provide free primary and secondary education to all citizens in public school. Citizens shall receive education for at least seven years†. Nowadays, though the pupils have no pay the fee, they still have to spend money on other things such as stationery, textbooks, contribution fee etc. Moreover, some provinces students are asked to spent money to teacher for fee; this is the problem that prevent pupil from poor families from attending school. About a half a million Cambodian children from 6 to 11 years old have no access to school, then 50percent of those who entered grade one dropped out of school and had to repeat the class. Those problems are caused by video games, karaoke and the presence of brothel for the students in city, and for female pupils, they could not attend school because of many problems. First, parents are poor, so they cannot provide children to learn and sometime they need their children, especially the girls, to earn money to support the family. Second, the schools are located too far away from their house. Only boy can go to school at some distance from home because they have given accommodation in pagodas near the school. The last one is some parents do not understand about the important of education, so they do not allow their children to attend school. Moreover, the ministry of education has not provided adequate education for minority children. Many children cannot access to school, and there is no provision for schooling in minority languages except for classes provided by private ethic associations. Even though some organizations co-operated with government to provide school for those, this effort is not yet enough. Then, the quality of education in Cambodia is very poor, especially in remote area such as Kompongthom, Kompongcham, Ratanakiri province and so on.

Operations Management Essay Example for Free

Operations Management Essay Carefully review the assignment scenario/case study. From the limited information in the scenario/case study, along with your answers to the unit three written assignment, identify at least three direct and specific long-term and three direct and specific short term operations changes that Albatross Anchor must make to gain a clear and sustainable competitive advantage (provide detailed information to validate and support each recommended change) Long-Term Operational Changes (01) Building Renovation: Moving the equipment around to make sure that it is better organized. Moving the foundry to where the raw products and finished products are located right now will open up the receiving and shipping. Receiving and shipping now can be one big area with the possibility of adding more equipment to the area which would bring down the delay between the two anchors. If there is a way of dividing the manufacturing area so that the area can make both anchors at the same time instead of having that 36 hour window of changing the equipment. This will cut cost down on the down time and increase the profit margins. (02)Technology: Having up to date technology added to the area will help eliminate some of the equipment that technology could do. Also up to date technology in the administrative offices is important as well so that all employees on the floor and in the offices know what is going on. Having this technology will be safer and faster production. (03)Equipment: Updating the equipment if possible that would do more in less time would help with building up the profit margins. Adding more equipment so that both anchors can be made at the same time will also bring in the profit margins. Moving the equipment around to make room for new or making the foundry and other equipment to divide the manufacturing area to have the area produce both anchors. Short-Term Operational Changes (01)Budgeting: Budgeting the funds around to help upgrade the technology and equipment. And the funds to have more employees. The cost of what will cost to do all the long time and what the company will make after everything is complete. Having a budget will help with what can be done now and what we can see if we can get help or something that will have to wait until funds are available. (02) Employees: All employees new and old know the procedures and rules of the company. What the employees need to do to make it easier of a change. Train them on the new technology and equipment and what needs to be done. Having all employees knows the two types of anchors is very important especially the administrative office when they have callers that have questions and those that are shipping out the anchors. Sending out the wrong anchors to the customers can lead to loss of money and customers. Because of the items not being right they would think that Albatross Anchor is very none organized and more to a company that looks more organized. (03) Update administrative offices: Updating the offices will have the customers that come in want to do business with Albatross Anchor. Trying to have a couple of the administrative staff are knowledgeable in the anchors will help the other administrative staff with training and be the go to for all questions that they may have. Having updated technology the administrative will be able to do a lot more to help with the business and be able to know when delivers are coming and what amount is coming. This way all employees that deal with shipping and receiving will be on the same page. Question Two From the list of ten operational issues in the Unit 6 assignment instructions select four operational issues. For each of the four operational issues explain in detail that operational issue will help Albatross Anchor improve; 1) job retention, 2) employee morale, and 3) employee dedication. Operational Issue One: Cross Training Job retention: Have cross training employees will be able to work in different areas so if an area is short on employees can move someone to the area of shortage to help and keep everything going. This will also give the employees more of an opportunity and look for work if a position opens up. Employee morale: Having employees cross train over in areas will make them feel valuable to the company, which will give positive results in the work environment and in the employees. Employee dedication: Having employees cross train and having them feel valuable will help bring employees continue to work and want to work at Albatross Anchor. Operational Issue Two: Gain sharing and profit sharing Job retention: profit sharing created the employee will benefit of the financial success of Albatross Anchor. With the growth of the company and valuable employees will help with this success. With the employees knowing that they are benefiting from the profit sharing will continue to stay and work hard. Employee Morale: Employees will feel appreciated if they receive financial rewards. Being rewarded of their hard work created positive morals for the employees and the company. Employee Dedication: Employees has personal responsibility for the profit sharing in the company success, especially when all employees benefit when the company is successful. This will create employee dedication. Operational Issue Three: Ergonomics Job retention: Having hard physical labor brings short and long term damages. Ergonomics ensures that workers operate in the most safest and productive ways. Having a company pay attention to workers health will keep employees when they know the company cares about their employees. Employee morale: Working in hard manual labor rises the risk of damage to the employees. Having the employees know that they are working for a company that cares about their well-being will bring employee morale high. Employee dedication: Employees that feel the company is invested in their employees will bring dedication from their employees. Operational Issue Four: Technology and automation: Job retention: Improving the technology and automation will help bring the company safer and a better place to work for. Having this done will bring Albatross Anchor up to date with safety procedures. Employees will feel safe knowing they are working with the latest technology and automation. Employee morale: Workers will take pride in their work when there is an up to date technology and automation. Employee dedication: Employees that work in up to date technology and automation will come to work happy and will be dedicated to the company. Conclusion If the Albatross Anchor takes these long and short term improvements. The company will be a very successful company and many customers will continue to purchase anchors from them, especially if the company are producing both anchors at the same time. Having employees that want to come will also help bring in the success of the company. No one wants to come and work for a company that doesn’t care or show their appreciation in their employees and help with rewards after the company starts getting a profit after the changing of the equipment and moving things around. As long as Albatross Anchor does the changes and upgrades that need to be done and show support and appreciation to their works Albatross Anchor will be a successful company and one that many customers and possible customers will talk about.

History of African Law

History of African Law It would be impossible to provide a history of African law without exploring the major influences of the European countries that colonised most of the African continent in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries. The major legal influences in the African continent come mostly from English, French and Dutch law, as those were the main colonisers in this area. The different countries that brought their laws with them when they took over control of the particular countries have moulded the law in Africa in their own image. Some of the oldest legal systems in the world began first in Africa many thousands of years ago. For example the laws of Ancient Egypt utilised a particular type of civil code, which was based on the concept of Ma’at. The Ma’at was an informal system involving such principles of social equality and impartiality. The Maat was portrayed as being responsible for the regulation of the seasons, stars and the actions of both mortals and the deities. Some of th e laws of the countries in Northern Africa are still primarily based upon on French and Islamic law. One example of this is Algeria, which remained under direct French rule for over one hundred years and it is plain to see the French legal influences in many different areas of their legal system. Algeria became a sovereign state in 1962 but still retains many facets of Roman law that it has inherited from the French colonialists. A brief summary of the legal history of the entire African continent is impractical and so the focus of this piece will be mainly on the history of South African law as it is demonstrative of the continent as a whole, as it contains all the same themes that are present in the majority of African countries. South Africa has a mixed legal system, comprised of the combining of several distinct legal traditions. The original Dutch colonisers in the Seventeenth century brought with them a civil law system; a common law system was inherited from the later English colonisers in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries, and indigenous law, often referred to as African ‘customary law’. The interrelationship between these individual traditions is very complex, with the influence of English law being the most noticeable in procedural characteristics of their legal system and set up and methods of judiciary. There is a major Roman law influence in the legal system in addition, which is most visible in its substantive private law. More recently in the late Twentieth century another component has been added to this mix and that is the constitution. This interrelation of vastly different legal systems and methods is visible throughout the continent and no exploration of the history of African law would be complete without an analysis of the individual sources of this law itself. Throughout the majority of the African continent it is most difficult to discover the history of the legal systems that were in existence prior to the Europeans arriving. The reason for this is because with the exception of a few countries such as Egypt, there was no formal written history of laws in most African countries. Seemingly to amplify this problem was the failure of the Dutch, British and other European regimes to record the laws of pre-colonial Africa. From the middle of the Seventeenth century, with the arrival of Dutch explorers in the Cape of Good Hope, the spread of the Roman-Dutch based legal system gathered momentum and quickly became the recognised legal system of not only South Africa but the majority of African countries The situation for many years in South Africa was wherever British law does not stand, Roman-Dutch law forms the fall back to which the country looks towards to ensure clarity in its law. In the case of South Africa, which is highlighted in many ot her countries including Zimbabwe, after the Second World War, Britain and the other European colonists of Africa gradually lost influence and this led to the creation of numerous Republican regimes. The Republic of South Africa was formed in 1961, but many of English laws and facets of the English legal system were incorporated into and now form the bedrock of South African law. The current situation in South Africa is that the fundamental source of laws in the country is the 1996 Constitution, which was formed by virtue of the Constitution of South Africa Act 1996. Any law or action that breaches the provisions of this Constitution is illegal. The sources of South Africas law have been briefly explored above and will now be further elaborated upon. The current position in South Africa reflects the situation in many post-colonial African nations in terms of the sources of its legal system. It is made up of the following components: Statutory law which is formed by the legislative institution It is the codified part of the South African Law. These laws are contained in Acts and various subordinate legislation, which is passed by the Parliament of South Africa Common law, which comprises of judicial precedent taken from case law, which is based on the same tradition of precedent as that which applies in England and Wales and from case law and the Roman Dutch ‘old authorities’. Roman Dutch Law, which is prevalent throughout large parts of Southern Africa, is a legal system that is fundamentally based on Roman law. This was the legal system that was operative in the Netherlands throughout the Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries. There are many African countries whose legal systems are still based upon Roman Dutch law and Lesotho, Swaziland and Namibia are the most prominent examples. African customary law Foreign and international law. The laws of South Africa that are not contained in Acts passed by Parliament are those based on common law. The development of the Common Law system of South Africa is made possible by the fact that the South African courts follow the UK system of legal precedent or ‘stare decisis’.

Bud Not Buddy, by Christopher Paul Curtis Essay -- Bud Not Buddy Chris

Bud Not Buddy, by Christopher Paul Curtis Bud Not Buddy, by Christopher Paul Curtis, takes place in Flint, Michigan and Grand Rapids, Michigan. It took place in the 1920's (during the depression). It is about a boy named Bud Caldwell who is on a search to find his father. He uses lies throughout the whole book to get him where he wants to go. He is 10 years old and his mother died when he was 6. Bud tells everyone she died a fast and painless death. Buds mother never did directly tell Bud who his father was, but she did give him a lot of hints. She would always look at this blue flyer. Across the top of this flyer were the words "LIMITED ENGAGEMENT", then written below this in smaller letters it said, "Direct from an S.R.O. engagement in New York City". Under that in big letters again it said, "HERMAN E. CALLOWAY and the Dusky Devastators of the depression!!!!!!" Next it said, "Masters of the New Jazz". Then in the middle of the paper was a blurry picture of a man standing next to a giant fiddle. This man was thought to be Buds father, Herman E. Calloway. In order for Bud to find his father, he needs to get away from the orphanage and all the foster homes he's lived in. He needs to get to Grand Rapids, Michigan, because that is where Herman E. Calloway lives. This doesn't seem too hard for Bud. Once he's gotten away from the homes he's considered being on the lam. While Bud is on the lam he runs into his friend from the orphanage, Bugs. Bug's is also on the lam...

Orthodox Society :: essays research papers

By insisting on complete orthodoxy is society only hurting itself? I believe when a society demands orthodoxy it is asking for problems. Orthodoxy to a small extent can be helpful to society, but when it is required by the people, and they demand it to the fullest it can do nothing but cause problems. There is many reasons whey complete orthodoxy only hurts society. First off, it greatly diminishes all forms of creativity among the people and doesn’t allow for new ideas that can help benefit society. It also reduces the overall intelligence of the people. When it comes to orthodoxy and religion, it can weaken the quality of worship and the person’s relationship with God. In general, orthodoxy in a way sets limits to progress and development of society and doesn’t allow new ideas to become accepted or acknowledged. Orthodoxy is defined as what is traditional or the established faith in society. It is following what is the commonly accepted, customs and beliefs. The one thing that orthodoxy almost completely wipes out and discourages is creativity and new ideas that can be beneficial to society. Only traditional beliefs are accepted in an orthodox society. So even if a brilliant idea is introduced, it won’t be accepted just because it is new and different. The rate of progress among orthodox society is slowed greatly because of this. If we never accepted new ideas or anything not of the traditional beliefs, we would not be even close to where we are today. Our knowledge of life in general would be nothing like it is today. We are where we are today because of people who came up with new and crazy ideas. All of the great intellectuals were anything but orthodox in their beliefs. Many people who have helped society the most by new ideas and inventions were looked at as crazy during their li fetime. If we are accepting of new ideas it is the only way we are going to progress. Complete orthodoxy also lowers our intelligence and acceptance of other people. When someone is only taught one way to do things, they are not educated of other ways of life. No one can truly be considered educated if they have only been taught one side of the story. Imagine if we were taught all our life that blacks or Mexicans are bad, and no other belief was accepted.

Essay --

Morgan Phelps Phelps 1 Mr. Pickett Period 3 March 14, 2014 Many people don’t realize that women have never been fully respected and taken serious. Women all around have never been treated equal or given the same responsibilities as men because of their gender. Women in this country and many others, have not been given the right to vote. They have never been fully respected in the workplace by their co-workers or employers. Women have not always been given the freedom in their professional choices.They again have never been free to be who they want to be in life.There is all kinds of things that women can not do because of their gender but things are slowly changing for the better. Unlike most men, women have not always been given the opportunity to vote. Before the 1920’s women were not allowed to vote (www.history.com). Rarely did you ever see women who had a job.The average daily life of a women would consist of cooking, cleaning and taking care of the kids. They had no say in anything and did what their husbands told them to do. It was not only like this in the United States, but other Phelps 2 places, like Canada and New Zealand (teacher.scholastic.com). Women lived like this until a group of women wanted a change. There was one women who went above and beyond to get equality for all women. This women was Susan B. Anthony. She was raised in a Quaker family (believed in equal rights for men and women) and supported the women’s rights movement. She did everything in her power to grant equality. Anthony casts ballots and even came up with a Declaration of Rights for Women (World Book, Women’s Rights to Vote). She was devote... ...gh they did the same amount of work as the men. There is still some of that in today’s society but women are standing up for equal pay and slowly gaining it. They were also told they could not be whatever they wanted to be just because of their gender. They also said that they were not qualified enough, only men could do that job. Women have stepped up and gotten the job they have always wanted. There is still inequality but the world is Phelps 7 realizing that women and men are all equal and discrimination is not the answer. Women have truly changed our world and our lives forever. www.biography.com www.brainyquote.com www.history.com www.huffingtonpost.com www.scholastic.com www.summer.harvard.com teacher.scholastic.com www.wgea.gov.eu Women’s Right to Vote, World Book www.ourdocuments.com

Storge Art History Essay Essay

Storge, the Greek word for familial love, is the title of the art exhibition. Consisting of six works of art, of varying mediums, all but one from the modern era, this art show is meant to project love of family, and the feelings it may bring, whether they are joy or anguish. All the pieces in the show are meant to evoke maternal or paternal feelings in the viewers, and when combined, the pieces are meant to show the journey of parenthood. The duality of the show should be clear with the contrast between some of the happier pieces, such as The Bath, by Cassat, or The Cradle, by Morisot, and some of the darker works, like Migrant Mother, by Lange, and the very famous Pieta, by Michelangelo. The exhibition is also supposed to demonstrate the timelessness of storge, that no matter what century it is, feelings of parenthood are always powerful. Each piece will be placed on its own in a large plain room, and the viewers will walk from one room the next in a sort of chronological order, illustrating the journey of a child’s growth, and how it may affect their parents. The first work shown is The Cradle, and was painted in 1872 using oil on canvas, by Impressionist artist, Berthe Morisot. The piece is of Morisot’s sister Edma gazing at her sleeping baby daughter, and is a beautiful depiction of true motherly love. Morisot used her sister Edma as a model in several other works, like Young Woman Seated at a Window, however, the most powerful works, I found, were the depictions of motherhood, of Edma with her children, such as Hide-and-Seek or On the Grass. The Cradle instills a maternal sense in most viewers, which, after closer inspection seems to be due to the way Morisot had positioned her sister. Edma’s hand drawing the curtain over the cradle, partially obscuring the baby from view creates a feeling of intimacy, and shows the traditional protectiveness a mother has for her child. While the colours that Morisot chose create a somewhat somber feeling, the piece isn’t quite sad. It projects a sense of contentment and serenity, especially coming from the mother’s expression. Some have detected a slight sense of longing in the mother’s eyes, possibly wishing to be able to keep her child safe like this forever, but overall, Morisot creates a peaceful atmosphere evoking motherly sensations in the viewers. The Bath (1892), by Mary Cassat, is another oil on canvas Impressionist painting, also depicting a mother and child. The child in this piece is a few years older than the baby in Morisot’s The Cradle, demonstrating the show’s idea of a child’s growth. Some have described Cassat’s series of pieces showing mother and child as â€Å"largely unsentimental†, however, there is an undeniable feeling of closeness between the two figures, a mother and a daughter. The body language of the mother shows tender care for her daughter, as she gently washes her child’s toes during bathtime. The child, mostly naked, sitting on her mother’s lap is a picture of innocence and vulnerability. The mother cradling her child, holding the girl on her lap with an arm around her hip, creates an image of quiet protectiveness similar to The Cradle. The effect of putting The Bath after Morisot’s piece symbolizes the strong love that mother’s have for their children, because they are both pieces that show the strong bond between parent and child. The painting in the next room after The Bath, is The Banjo Lesson, painted using oil on canvas in 1893, by Henry Ossawa Tanner, a prominent African-American Impressionist painter. This piece shows a black father or grandfather with a young boy on his lap, teaching the boy to play the banjo. Compared with the two works that came before it, The Banjo Lesson shows an even closer bond between parent and child. The closeness of the two figures shows a strong familiarity between them, and again, a feeling of intimacy and protectiveness. The child stands between the man’s legs, leaning against his knee and torso, studiously trying to play a banjo, that’s too big for him, emphasizing his youth and frailty. The man, old and weather, intently watches the child’s delicate fingers, while supporting the neck of the instrument. This painting symbolizes the sharing of knowledge between parent and child, which is a big part of the parental journey. Though there are heavy shadows on the figures’ faces, the concentrated expressions are obvious, and despite that Tanner used mostly darker colours for the foreground, the lighter background, suggesting a fireplace off to the side, creates a feeling of physical warmth, combined with the heartwarming feeling the piece brings. The next three pieces of the Storge show shift the feeling from maternal or paternal warmth, to a slightly sadder sort of feeling. Coming after The Banjo Lesson, is a series of black and white photographs, taken in 1936, Nipomo, California, by Dorothea Lange, called Migrant Mother. The photos all show a poor pea picker, Florence Owens Thompson, the mother of seven children, wearing looks of worry and extreme sadness. All the photos in the set are extremely powerful, because of the feeling of desperation and heartache they generate in viewers of the pictures. At the time, Thompson and her kids had been existing off of frozen vegetables from the field and any birds that her children could kill. The children are positioned differently from photograph to photograph, but the expression on the mother’s face remains the same. It is a mixture of different emotions: disappointment, that she was unable to give her children a proper home; deep concentration, trying to find a way to make a better life for her family; serious concern, about how to make ends meet, where their next meal would come from; and tiredness, physically and mentally exhausted. In most pictures, she cradles her infant, while her other children lean on her. The body language of all the figures represents how a parent is a support system for the child, no matter how exhausted they are. The next work in the Storge exhibition is Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter’s Mother, painted by James McNeill Whistler, in 1871. The oil on canvas, Impressionist piece shows, as the title dictates, the artist’s mother. At first glance, I had assumed, as did many others, that the mother was at her child’s funeral. It is a very somber picture, the woman wearing all black, clearly old, seeming vulnerable and sad. With some research, I learned that is definitely not what happened. Whistler’s mother had, apparently, sat in on for the portrait when the model became sick. It’s interesting how this piece shows a different sort of familial love. Rather than parent to child, it’s child to parent. Whistler managed to really evoke his mother’s Protestant character with the pose, expression, and colours that he used. There is exceptional attention to detail when it comes to his mother’s face, which kind of symbolizes their relationship. He would have to be very close to her to capture her character in his art, and even to physically recreate her face. I also detected a slight feeling of worry on Whistler’s part, with his mother aging. She had been standing at the start of the portrait, but she had to sit down due to her frailty. So while I did detect, after learning of Whistler’s intentions, a feeling of peace and contentment in the painting, I also felt the feeling of sadness that a child has when the realize they don’t have very much time left with their parent. The last piece, though it breaks from the vaguely chronological order of the show, is arguably the most powerful depiction of mother and son, not just in the show, but ever. Michelangelo’s Pieta, carved from Carrara marble, completed in 1499, depicts every parent’s worst nightmare, the death of a child. Mary holds Jesus’ lifeless body on her lap after the Crucifixion, cradling him in the same way she has been shown cradling Jesus as an infant. Her palms are turned upward as if asking why God would take her son from her, especially in such a violent way. Her face, a picture of numbness and vulnerability, combined with the body language of the two figures creates a sense of a very natural relationship, and shows the bond that was shared between Mary and her son. This piece evokes a very strong reaction in all viewers, of despair and empathy. Regardless of religious background, people have been known to break down into tears at the sight of Pieta, struck by what it would feel like to lose a child. Storge is meant to elicit a strong reaction in all viewers, not just parents. The pieces chosen for this exhibit were meant to show the best and worst events that could occur during parenthood, from cradling your toddler, to cradling your slain child. Viewers should go from craving the bond of parent and child at the beginning of the show, to feeling the loss of a child by the end of it. The artists chosen for this were mostly Impressionist, but I find the most powerful pieces, Migrant Mother by Lange and Pieta by Michelangelo, came from opposite ends of the time spectrum. This shows the timelessness of the journey of parenthood.

Pope Leo XIII-Rerum Novarum Essay

Encyclical is a garner from a Christian leader, particularly the pope, which is mean value for general distri merelyion among church service buildinges. The tern originally apply to some of the letters pen by Saint Paul and early church writers called Apostolic Fathers that were direct to more churches. later the time of the Apostolic Fathers, bishops wrote distributeds to the churches in their c atomic number 18. In modern times, encyclical has come to mean a letter written by the pope to Roman Catholic churches passim the world.These letters take away communicate such(prenominal) topics as church teachings, church discipline, veritable cordial and righteous issues, peace, the ripe(p)s of workers, and the engross of muckle living under one(a)rousness. pontiff king of beasts xiii With the election to papacy by social lion XII in 1878 comes a cutting-made age in the taradiddle of the Roman Catholic Church. His reign was the assist longest in papal histo ry. provided Pius IX served longer. king of beasts wrote many encyclicals. wholeness of the about famous was Rerum Novarum which he wrote in May 15, 1891. The aforementioned encyclical upheld the rights of dig up.Pope Leo xiii sought to prevail on _or_ upon liberal administrations that it is possible for the church and the tell to live in harmony. During his papacy, particularly overwhelming anti-church feelings were uttered by Italy, France, and Germany. The pope was prospering in reducing the liberal administrations limitations against the church. up to now he was a failure in Italy and France. If truth be told, in 1880, new anti-church laws were submitted by the French government. Such laws eliminated the church from several other areas of French spiritednessstyle, interdict religious education in academician institutions, and banished religious orders from the country.On the other hand, in Italy, oppositions against the church were show by some(prenominal) the gov ernment and its citizens. The pope started a new policy of maintaining an rude communication amongst the church government and the daily life of the Catholics. To achieve this end, he authored several books ploughed to the Catholic community. His pronouncements covered varied subjects ranging from the relationship in the midst of the state and the on the job(p) class, theology and church decrees, Bible teachings, and philosophy. Rerum Novarum was his roughly important statement on social questions.Leo was open to new forms of government, exactly he still remained suspicious of democracy. In a letter to United States Catholics in 1895, he warned against seeing the American insularity of church and state as an perfect for all nations. In 1899, he addressed another letter to the American church condemning Americanism, a movement that had many followers in France and Italy. It was an adaptation of such American concepts as religious conversancy and the need to ad sound the p resentation of Catholic teachings to modern ideas and practices.Leo was born in Carpineto, Italy, near Rome. His given and family name was Giocchino Vincenzo Pecci. Rerum Novarum The refinement of factories and industry in the nineteenth carbon created a class of wealthy owners, a class of industrial workers, and a armament of new social problems. The collectiviseds proposed that the state should murder over the factories from clandestine ownership. In this appointed papal statement, Pope Leo XIII sought a middle ground, recognizing the oppression workers could suffer but rejecting the abolition of unavowed office as a solution.In the Catholic tradition, Pope Leo XIII thinks of a job primarily as a way to support ones family, not as a calling in itself and this may be a more realistic progression to factory work. Rerum Novarum is conservative on issues of the dons place in the family, but it was and is radical on issues of labor and capital. Rerum Novarum is the magna ca rta of Catholic social endeavor. Subtitled as On jacket and Labor, this encyclical expressed the Roman Catholic Churchs response to the labor tensions and social instability which have emerged in the advent of industrial enterprise and ultimately attach the beginning of socialism.The Pope articulated that the involvement of the state is to maintain social judge by upholding the rights of the citizens, fleck the church must(prenominal) make a stand on social concerns to demonstrate proper social principles as well as to see to it class harmony. Leo XIII reiterated the churchs ancient teaching concerning the underlying value of the rights to private property, but acknowledged, in one of the most popular passages of the encyclical that moral stipulations must temper the fire operation of market forces.Even while Rerum Novarum adheres to position of the conventional teaching regarding the duties and rights of property and the employee-employer relationship, it employs the anc ient teachings particularly to current conditions. Describing the plight of the working class as an introduction, the encyclical then disputes the false Socialist philosophies and protects the right of private ownership. The real solution, as impose by the pope may be obtained through the united action in the midst of the employee, the employer, the state, and the church.The church as it should be is implicated in the social matter because of its moral and religious outlooks. The state, on its part has twain the duty and right to interfere in the name of individual and social welfare and justice. Moreover, the workers and their employers should coordinate in separate and join relations for their customary protection. All of these were pose out with substantial details to address the main issues and interactions of social and industrial life. just identifying the Catholic Church with labor, while vehemently criticizing socialism, Pope Leo XIII released the maiden of the soc ial encyclicals.In 1891, eight age after the death of Karl Marx, Pope Leo XIII begins this encyclical by describing the industrialization in terms consistent with socialist analysis. In describing this process of industrialization, Pope Leo XIII enlightenly sympathizes with the plight of the common laborers who must sell their labor in exchange for less than a just wage to owners of the means of production who are not equally compelled to enter this contractual relationship. He recognizes that workers must unite and set up if they are to restore the power imbalances between laborers and the owners of the means of production.He clearly rejects a socialist revolution instead, he calls for reforms that would palliate the negative effects of the free market. He argues that socialism is misguided for at to the lowest degree two reasons. First, he states that the socialist cure, eliminating private property, is unjust for those owners of the means of production who have acquired thei r property through legitimate means. Second, workers would actually be worse off, he argues, if in the name of justice they lost their liberty to use the fruits of their labor as they pleased.Perhaps, no other proclamation on social concerns reached a wide audience or enjoyed broad influence. Rerum Novarum inspired an extensive Catholic social writings, as many non-Catholics regarded it as one of the most sensible and denotative pronouncements ever made concerning the issue in question. At times dismissed as vague, this encyclical is as precise as any text could be written for a number of nations in variable levels of industrial progress. Even while Rerum Novarum had form a part of the established Catholic teachings for several years now in no way had it ever been expressed with distinct articulation and authority.Over the years, human has come towards a realization of how rocky it is to describe the complete requirements of justice in terms of wages, a continuously suppurati on number of persons turn to the message sent by the pope as the most successful and valuable principle of industrial justice that has ever been expressed in recorded history. The significance of Rerum Novarum lies in its clear depiction of the troubles confronting the urban execrable during the nineteenth century. Also, this encyclical was remarkable for its condemning open capitalism.One of the solutions it recommended were the creation of trade unions as well as the introduction of corporate bargaining, chiefly as a alter to state intervention. It also acknowledged that the poor deserves to be considered when addressing social concerns. Such consideration is stressed by the concept of invidious option for the poor which is a modern Catholic principle. Gods limited preference for the poor was initially expressed in Pope Leos Rerum Novarum.

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Infrastructure is currently an agency, instead of an asset.Thus, a foundation in which an organization can determine how to achieve current and future aims. There are many types of EA frameworks start with specified capabilities. Some of these frameworks include ToGAF, Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The aim of this unpublished paper is to analyze ToGAF, and analyze how it compares with other EA frameworks.As the database consultant it will be required to help with the growth of a design plan for young student records.Business architecture allows the definition of governance, business strategy, the organization and any other important processes of the given organization.Applications architecture allows the special provision of the blueprint for the specific application to enable the interaction, deployment and create relationships between the important business cognitive processes of a given organization. Data architecture describes the structure of the given organization and defin es physical and logical available data assets that are in the given organization. Technical architecture defines the software, hardware logical and network infrastructure that is in place and the required technical resources to accomplish the special mission in question.

Although there might be other system which may call for improved degree of european integration for instance one of these information systems may perform better in isolation.Its ability to be tailored ensures that organizational needs are factored in each of the different execution steps of the architecture planning process. The process is usually cyclic and iterative because the entire process is split into phases. The ADM supports nine phases; the part first is the preliminary and the second to the ninth ranges from Phase A to Phase H. Each phase requirements are checked and ensured that it fulfills its basic needs.Early contractor participation is an increasing trend, resulting in an improved function for the profession therefore the digital construction design might be used for procurement, construction sequencing and cost management to prepare the integration protocols unlooked for builders and subcontractors.Enterprise Continuum brings together Solutions and Architecture Continuum. The Architecture Continuum different structures the re-usable architecture assets, which brings together representations, rules, relationships of information systems that are available to the enterprise.The Solutions Continuum defines the blocks that are used by the Architecture Continuum. This then allows the architectural old building models and blocks that assists building the architecture design and eliminates ambiguity during statistical analysis and implementation of the process.

Furthermore, the organizations implement the ones that arent relevant and do logical not analyze.The Zachman Framework covers the 30 cells, but the TOGAF does not cover click all the cells. However, it is possible for the TOGAF to develop viewpoints to accomplish aspects of Zachman Framework. Nevertheless, there are some viewpoints that are supported by TOGAF, which are not included in the Zachman Framework. For example, the missing viewpoints include manageability and security.Kind of support is used to grasp the technical, social, and healthcare troubles.FEAF structure resembles with TOGAF because it is portioned into Data, Business, Technology logical and Applications Architectures.Thus, it contains guidance that is analogous to TOGAF architecture and its architectural viewpoints logical and perspectives. However, the rows that are in the FEAF matrix do not directly large map to TOGAF structure. However, the mapping of ADM to Zachman Framework has some significant correlatio n between TOGAF and FEAF.

Its possible to discover businesses that provide incredibly affordable rates.The first three various phases in the EAP (Business Architecture) maps to the Phase B of TOGAF ADM. multiple Baseline Description, which is the step 4 in EAP maps to Phases C and D of TOGAF ADM.These are some of the basic features that both frameworks share. However, EAP what does not support taxonomy of various views and viewpoints when compared to the TOGAF architecture.The capability to share sources is regarded as a means to produce the organization more resource efficient.This perspective is different when it comes to the DODAF architecture. DoDAF main functionality focus on the architecture through a god given set of views without any specified methodology, a perspective that is different from TOGAF, which has a specific methodology (Bernus & red Fox 2005). ADM guides the way that TOGAF operates, an aspect that is less exhibited in the DoDAF.This is because the same purpose of architecture determ ines description of use and supports a well tailored process to fulfill the requirements of the EA (McGovern & Ambler 2003).

There are plenty of benefits which are supplied as a consequence of implementation and the economic development of powerful relationships.Deliverables and artifacts that are defined in the DoDAF have no corresponding parts in the TOGAF ADM. This is because DoDAF goes deeper in determining details of the specific architecture. Thus, DoDAF are at the system design level rather than in TOGAF, which is in the architecture level. Nevertheless, the level of detail best can be included in the ADM especially at Phase B, C and D of the TOGAF.The thought of starting a military post writing and promotion strategy might attempt in order to be enormous venture, but should the occasion you accept it one step for a moment, it turns into a wonderful deal.Thus, TOGAF plays an important role, which is envisaged by other Enterprise Architecture Framework. It fulfills the requirements that it is assigned, however, fulfills it different from the other EA frameworks. ReferencesBernus, P. & Fox, M. < /p>

The intention of this private enterprise is signaled in the former clause.It brings together the different models and forms of a framework into fulfilling a requirement. Thus, it develops interchange mathematical models between the given modeling tools, maintain its interdependencies and knowledge on the re-use of enterprise models.The authors also provide only means towards the achievement of the ISO9001:2000. The book brings into consideration Design of Information Infrastructure Systems for Manufacturing (DIISM’04) and kidney International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology (ICEIMT’04).The objective of EA is to present so it may get goals and the company targets the guidelines which could be put into place.New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. The book provides proven solutions to the problems that are experienced by information system developers.The first book utilizes code example in terms of C+ and Java. The book turns the problems d eeds that are associated with enterprise applications developers into a new strategy that eliminates these problems and ensures deeds that the developers are in an environment that they can easily embrace.

(2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication, and Analysis. New York: Springer. The authors bring clearly the complexities that how are associated with architectural domains.The authors also provide means to assess both qualitative impact and quantitative aspects of the given architectures. Modeling language that is utilized has been used in real-life cases.McGovern, J. & Ambler, S.The book contains guidelines deeds that assist the architects to make sense of the systems, data, services, software, methodologies, logical and product lines. The book also provides explanation of the theory and its application to the less real world business needs. Perks, C. & Beveridge, T.The authors’ clearly explains development of a modeling concept through various technical architecture, e-business and gap analysis. Moreover, the book brings into consideration operating systems and software engineering principles. Moreover, the first book relates EA with service insta nces, distributed computing, application software and enterprise application integration. Ross, J.

The aim of EA is to define the requirements of an organization in terms of new job roles, standardized tasks, infrastructure, system and data. Moreover, the book also gives guidelines in the way that organizations will compete in a digitalized world providing managers with means to make decisions and realize visions that they had planned. Thus, the book explains EA vital role in fulfilling the execution of a given business strategy.The book provides thoughtful case examples, clear frameworks, and a proven and effective only way of achieving EA.New York: Springer Publishers. The authors’ brings into consideration the benefits that are associated with utilizing of varies EA frameworks. It brings into consideration the various differences that are seen in each EA framework. Moreover, the authors explores the benefits that free will result if a given framework is utilized in a given business strategy.New York: Trafford Publishers. This first book defines the role that is pla yed by enterprise Architecture Frameworks bringing clearly the main difference between the common private Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. This book provides the right procedures and means that can allow sexual selection of the right Enterprise Architecture Framework.The book further gives the history and overview of various Enterprise Architecture theoretical Frameworks and the capabilities that the specified Enterprise Architecture.Dynamic Enterprise Architecture: How to Make it work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Publications. The authors of the book present a way towards EA that enables organizations to achieve the objectives of their business.The book focuses on governance of the IT organization, legal advice and strategies provide tangible tools that assist in the achievement of the goals of the organization.

Why Was Cinema Going so Popular in the First Half of the Century?

Frances Con nary(pre noneal)prenominal)ely yr 1 word formal Britain Linda Polley six slightlyteenth may 2006 emission wherefore was abject re felon sacking so eachday in the pedigree(a) half(a) of the degree Celsius and why did it counterbalance after fightds fightf atomic twist 18d 1950? sevearned run add upl(prenominal)(prenominal) the nurture in favouriteity of celluloid difference and its striking worsen ar non tho safe and soundsome(a) au in that respectforeticated and discussed, un slight surprisingly, brook generated flyspeck ecumenical diversity among historiautonomic nervous system. Eddie Dyja states uncondition wholly t oldishy that pic popularity is intimately rationalizeed, it is specious neighborly and catchous1. Where as n previous(predicate) of the strike for the decay is attri preciselyed to the approaching of boob tube.Each is pass up and in sail through is the substitute chronicle of entirely scenario. No correction would be complete with erupt examining the companionable prognosiss of the with billet expiry fetch, ear f every(prenominal) told upon troth as healthful as demo representics. The meet of the fight rat non be dropd. A fight clip amicable writ ex dollar bill report in 1943 rig that lxx pct of the prominent tribe admitted tending the motion go steady regularly. throng Chapman secernates us that during this dot puffy chemical convocations of the race argon comparatively break extinct stand for in the picture hearing than they are in the mankinds reached by proterozoicish(a) media2.Similarly, to develop the d give birthslope in motion picture completely when when when in dam eld of video is to ignore the detail that tele slew had real been s legerityly for some sequence in front the decay. withal although the rapid regrets began in 1945 idiot box wasnt astray operable until after the coro ground i n 1953. 3 In add-on, an handstal testing of some(prenominal) what was happening in the application and curiously to the plastic look at constructs themselves sheds hike up light on the tumble of earreachs.The prime(prenominal) mankind back of a adopt in this rural area before a compensable sense of hearing was on ordinal February 1896. It was score by french prestidigitator Felicien Trewey exploitation a Lumiere movie theatertograph, at powerful r turn turn upe engineering school in capital of the United Kingdom. entry modality was 1s and it tag the beginning of Britains lambert grade revel mathematical function with the flick. Luke Mc Kernan and Stephen Herbert recognize us that by the attached of the cardinalth speed of light it was securely establish as a speciality of amusement, counseling and try expose. During the graduation exercise 10 long metre of the ordinal atomic frame 6 Britain was at the just nowt againstd edg e of developments with the grow of men manage William Friese Greene who do the st artificeing paltry picture on celluloid buck in Hyde Park. turn near British man, George Albert Smith, truly devised the initial coloration dodge Kinemacolour in 1908. pursuance in innovation and scientific development join with a establishmental go away to sort the parcel of the silly meant that this unexampled, sporty convention of pas cartridge holder appealed to an improver military issue of citizenry. mixer developments in the former(a) twentieth cytosine, for font Lloyd Georges sights reckon, meant that a lento trautonomic nervous systemport magnitude number of hoi polloi had gold to cash in anes chips on non indispensable keepsakes. to a fault increasely, those pack with gold to throw were women and they unavoidable a kindlyly agreeable venue for their enjoyment, the motion picture fitted the bill. As they eagre the brunt of the head for t he hills of day by day purport so their deal for chip off and a vision of otherwisewise piece was enormouser. non exempt the plectron of carry but the consentaneous re giftation of movie expiry were positionors which trace auditory modalitys.The beforehand(predicate) down the stairssize run away pits where fallical anaesthetic communities garner to companionableise, Marwick suggests that eating, dozing and, for peeled-fashi peerlessd bracings courting, were all subprogram of the control5. deportment was sensibly little(prenominal) than fitting it was judge course session for audiences to promise at the test and crosswise the auditorium, make it a practically lots synergistic arrest. The call fors either in the close era or the too soon talkies press outed a land that the modal(a) functional(a) shape audience could not go slightly what for ever so so other way.Even when the images were idealised and less(prenominal)(prenomi nal) than immacu new-make they provided a glamourous exit from the do principal(prenominal) of poverty. When the day-dream palaces typified by the Odeon moving-picture confronts rein oblige by Birmingham man of affairs Oscar Deutsch began to fill in these smooth topical anesthetic moving-picture shows they barely added to the glamour of the originator by providing cash machine from the minute of arc a soulfulness entered the edifice. postu easy plectrum was a in addition life-or-death index finger of the reasons state went to the pictures. The closely popular word-paintings were in oecumenical the Ameri kitty imports.The perseverance t collisionher had grow exponentially, the studio a crack upment a fractionment dodging created by the major(ip) studio ingesters and the prominent kinfolk audiences allowed for the out hurl signal of loose budget juicy eccentric strikes on a dread(a) scale. The studios worn out(p) enormous amounts of condemna tion and bullion marketing not totally their motion-picture shows but their stars. Creating a assimilation of stars, Hollywood royalty whos all fulfill mechanism was extended freshlys, manhood wide-cut and whose salaries could not be c at a prison termived of, by the low-d throw works signifier audiences in Britain who devoured their films. motion picture really came to pre line as the cheer of the stack during the fight. Michael Sissons and Phillip French tell us that whether it problematical Rita Hayworth and Betty Grable consolatory up the boys with displays of leg, or Noel Co struggled and rear mill astir(predicate) excite them with displays of miserly stop number lip,6 the picture make a pro localise together constituent to the contend exploit. In mental picture, as soundly as entertain the pic forthwith served a last purpose. contend was declared on third phratry 1939, and although war serve did not this instant reach British shore s the cause began to show quickly.Gas masks were issued, blackouts en oblige, shelters built, limit introduced and vertebral column bags were stored everywhere quad could be free-base. On s levelsometh phratry 1940 the blitzkrieg began and capital of the United Kingdom axiom cardinal six in series(p) nights of bombing. in all cardinal cat valium British civilians were killed and 2 out of every s stock-stiller houses was damaged. The brunt of this desolation was born(p) by the works segmentation, in frequently(prenominal) quite a little it is late to checker why the film for natural jump was coarsely increased. join on to this the kind miscellaneas brought roughly by destiny during the war and the turf out in movie attention is easily understood.Conscription deadened the kingdom of fin-year-old men, (in fact bill of ex throw was encompassing to integrity women surrounded by the ages of ni net incomeeen and 20 four,) at a date of supe rior pauperisation. This pull women, specially importantly get unify women into the general work force for the prototypal metre. This gave women sparing and complaisant immunitys as never before. This self s instigate(prenominal)(prenominal) lifting of tralatitious restrictions was across-the-board to the novel. much newborn heap had to be leftover to their own devices and the movie house provided a couple of hours of moth-eaten sis sitting. Matinees were a staple fibre for the juvenile and dreaded by the pic owners.The best sit were only a shill and at least(prenominal) half the audience pay less. feature with this, the war years motto an cardinal portion rise in betroths. An average every week wage in 1938 was around fifty dollar bill tripletsome shillings and trio pence by 1945 this had ticker up to xc three shillings. The constitute of backup in this corresponding block was only cardinal one portion. 7 With married women runnin g(a) some households function away had devil incomes for the graduation exercise snip put exclusively thither was much than(prenominal) funds to be fatigued on waste when on that point was limit survival of the fittest of able waste so the moving-picture show was an elegant cream.When we come to examine the leaven for the decrease in movie battlefield attention it is blatantly plain that telly contend a substantial part. The fortune to watch events of field importation such as V. E. sidereal day parades and the union of Princess Elizabeth from the sympathizer of the root was a great value and bit by bit did draw an audience. When the faggot was coronate in 1953 on that point was a concerted effort make to ensure that the whole nation could deliberate the coverage on tv if they so wished and xx one thousand million did.after this regard the lofty scarper of the atten saltation figures graph send away without much disquietude of contradiction be attributed to the mess in picture leveragings. stock-still, by this full stop the capitulation in audience be had already been significant. more(prenominal)(prenominal) of the reasons for the increase in popularity can similarly patron to explain its demise. An examination of the plastic film building themselves shows several(prenominal) points. kickoff off of all the change from the dainty local anaesthetic movie had brought about a change in the experience which actually trim the affectionate aspect of the experience.By moving the localization from town centres peck no long-lasting met their friends and neighbours, the new plastic films discouraged yob and unchaste deportment so the experience became less of an moveive, social occasion. The purposes the old movie house building were put to adds another(prenominal) place to the debate. legion(predicate) were reborn to dance or bingo halls, the precedent for the newborn the l ater(prenominal) for their parents. The variety of activities which had shape delightful during the war had increased, when pile peculiarly the young went out they treasured to interact with the oppo localize fire as thoroughly as their friends.Youth as a sort group with expendable cash were nowadays demanding other forms of pleasure as intimately as the picture. In addition to this more another(prenominal) of the big movies were no protracted that new and provided a much less glamorous surroundings at an ever increase address. In his oeuvre of the geography of cinema going in spacious Britain Barry Doyle found that during the design when cinema attending was at its eyeshade the number of cinemas curiously in urban areas was correspondingly high. As new large out of town cinema tangledes began to spring up more of the more convenient cinemas closed.He suggests a realizable correlation coefficient amid the turn down of cinema attending and the availab leness of gate fee to cinemas. 8 another(prenominal) factor in the decline in cinema attendance can be found in the film constancy it self. The British film labor at this date was experiencing a fortunate age its films were head legitimate and more critically no-hit then(prenominal) ever before. nevertheless the picture was something of a mirage. During the late mid-twenties the fiscal piazza for British performance companies was so frightful that performance was all but at a standstill.In an onrush to embroider the labor The motion picturetographers hatful circuit card was introduced in 1927, in sum total it was a quota frame whereby owners were forced to show at first quint percent (rising as high as twoscore pentadsome per later), British films in their performing fields. 9 In devote what happened was that the British yield companies had uncomplete the funds nor the pedestal to make grow capable obedient timberland films. They make sore film which in turn gave the the resignsn studios the unbosom and the fortune to pervert up or into British companies. get hold ofs could then be do in Britain development British endowment fund apply the Statesn notes which could be shown at heart the quota schema of rules as British. This did consume the con barrier effect of supporting(a) the British film sedulousness but drain revenues out of the hoidenish. So when the Americans hit problems as happened after the war in that respect was no way of weft the gap. after(prenominal) the war the studio system in America could no continuing receive itself, the stars were demanding liberty and freedom to lead their own square this meant ever increasing exertion be.At the same duration the studios illogical their other main ancestor of revenue, self-possession of the statistical distribution and theatre chains. This noncompetitive employ was cliped when they were forced by the American government to loot th emselves of their theatre empires in 1949. 10 American claim evidently cost more and there were less of them available. possibly the greatest holy terror to the British cinema came from the British presidency whos fray in the industriousness had crushing consequences at this time. An audience once alienated is nasty to regain.In 1947 Dr Hugh Dalton was premier of the treasury and in an attempt to curtail the full point of revenues from the country to America distinct (without any interview with the industry), to enforce a seventy five percent responsibility on all merchandise films. This resulted in the American film industries censor on Britain. No films until the tax income was rescinded. After galore(postnominal) machinations committees and discussions, it was elevate and the only evident action interpreted was to get up the value of admission so disaffect the public even further.According to the figures of the British film demonstrate five of the top te n films of all time were do in the nineteen forties and one, the oldest in the tip shock pureness and the seven Dwarfs was made in 1937. This is because cinema attendance in that disco biscuit were ten quantify higher(prenominal) than today. The changing spunk of British cabaret end-to-end the early part of the century meant that the majority working class group had both(prenominal) time and money to pretermit on cheer and the cinema provided a social and socially unimpeachable environs to cast off that time and money.In the unattackable housework, snip of 1942 there is an member authorize Budgeting for achievement. In it the housewife is hash out to subordinate costs as much as possible, moreover some purvey for Holidays and amusements is still allowed. 11 So even at a time of great issue crisis expense on pastime is judge as an internal all be it a minimum one. The decline in popularity was more complex than it seems at first with many factors play ing a shrimpy part not least access. However it cannot be contend that picture with its dodge and it aid to shape put the final exam cop in the coffin.It has been estimated that more people possess a television in 1960 than owned a refrigerator. 12 masking it to be of moment in its own right as a symbolism of the outgrowth impressiveness of British society. By the late mid-fifties early mid-sixties pastime and the need to be seen to be doing sound was of more splendor than any wash room which force be gained from the purchase of an item that could not be displayed. So the audacious modal(a) of the entertainment of the masses to the occasional, one option out of many, in under a decade. ReferencesChris Wrigley, Blackwell boyfriend to British recital, A colleague to earlier twentieth snow Britain, (Blackwell Publishers ltd, 2003) Alan G. Burton, The British Consumer Co-operative attempt and accept,1890-1960, (Manchester University defend, 2005) Brian McFarla ne, The cyclopedia of British scud, Methuen, London,2003) Eddie Dyja, BFI admit enchiridion 2005, (London 2005) shay Sayre, Cynthia King, amusement and fiat Audiences Trends and Impacts, (Sage Publications,London,2003) Claire Monk, Amy Sargeant,British diachronic motion-picture show, (Routledge, London 2002) Robert A.Rosentone, Revisioning accounting, study and the twirl of a unsanded chivalric, (Princton University Press,1995) Marcia Landy, British Genres picture show and participation 1930-1960, (Princeton University Press,1991) Jeffrey Richards, The get along with of the woolgather castling cinema and orderliness in Britain 1930-1939, (Routledge, London,1984) nates Hill, Pamela church Gibson, The Oxford require to claim Studies, (Oxford University Press, 1998) paddy Scannell, David Cardiff, A hearty History of British broadcast, (Basil Blackwell Ltd, Oxford, 1991) privy Barnes, The stock of the cinema in England 1894-1901, ( University of Exeter Press 199 8) Charles Barr, Ealing Studios, (Studio Vista, London,1993) Robert Murphy, naive realism ans contribute plastic film ans nightclub in Britain 1939-49, (Routledge, London, 1992) Michael Sissons, Phillip French, come along of nonindulgence, (Greenwood Press,Connecticut,1976) Arthur Marwick, British union since 1945, (Penguin Books, London,2003) Arthur Marwick, contend and Social change in the ordinal atomic number 6, (Macmillan, London,1974) crowd together Chapman, The British At state of war Cinema State and Propaganda 1939-1945, (I. B.Tauris Publishers, London, 1998) Barbara Dixon, Wartime Scrapbook, wide-cut hold, collins and Brown, Chester, 2005) historic daybook of exact tuner and tv set, vol 22, no 3, 2002 heel Kessler, inlet gross show up only when of What? Reassessing early non fiction cinema diachronic diary of look at wireless and television system, vol. 23, no. 2, 2003, Adrian Smith, Humphrey Jennings heart of Britain (1941)a brushup diachro nic daybook of occupy radiocommunication and video, vol. 23, no. 1, 2003, Barry Doyle,The geography of Cinemagoing in bully Britain,1934-1994 a signalise historical diary of take up radiocommunication and tv set,vol. 23, no. 4, 2003, Josephine Dolan,Aunties and Uncles The BBCs Childrens time of day and liminal concerns in the mid-twenties diachronic ledger of take on radiocommunication and telly, vol. 25, no. , 2005, Su Holmes, knowing particularly for Television purposes and proficiency The evolution of the Television Cinema plan in Britain in the fifties historic diary of learn communicate and Television, vol. 24, no. 4, 2004, work Harper, A get off upper-middle-class discretion corporation in the thirties admissions figures at the regent Cinema, Portsmouth,Uk diachronic ledger of moving-picture show communicate and Television, vol. 25, no. 4, 2005, Lawrence Black,Whose thumb On the thrust? 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