Gulf Carriers Destabilise Alliances

With much function, Qatar Airways turned into the first of the enormous Sulfated c aeries to enter a worldwide aircraft union by joining Enroll, drove by American Airlines and British Main. Ways. Join now â€Å"Becoming an individual from Enroll is one of the most noteworthy tourist spots in Qatar Airways' history,† announced Kafka AH Baker, the aircraft's CEO. This move features how the fastenings, steamrollered Gulf bearers †E emirates Airlines, Edited Airways and Qatar Airways †are no longer seen with general antagonistic vibe by western airlines.First is our new basic every day email instructions of the best stories from over the web But Emirates and Edited are probably not going to go along with one Of the three worldwide aril en coalitions †Enroll, Steam and Star Alliance †sooner rather than later. These two transporters, situated in D baa and ABA Dhabi, separately, are seeking after their own associations †activities that are destabilize Eng the collusions and could assume a compelling job in diminishing the significance of these groups.The partnerships were set up in the 1 9905 in light of the fact that remote possession leads regularly precluded bearers room consolidating by means of crossbred mergers. Indeed, even the greatest transporters realized they couldn't travel to every large city, so carriers shaped coalitions that as a result darted their systems together to offer goals overall †quite to business explorers. These unions should be clubs that cared for their individual advantages, yet a year ago Santa †an establishing individual from Enroll - ? sent showplaces through the business by consenting to frame a passage hurting association with Emirates.Founded in 1985 and now traveling to in excess of 130 goals with the world s biggest armada of wideband traveler planes, Emirates has perpetrated money related torment on longhand bearers in the US, Europe and Asia †incorporate inning Santa. However, the Australian bearer is trusting the joint effort with Emirates will assume a key job in reestablishing its worldwide pop discourses to benefit. At the core of the organization is an icosahedra that gives Santa travelers an a lot more prominent selection of courses among Australia and Europe, the Middle East and Africa since they can fly on Emirates' planes.

theodore roosevelt essays

theodore roosevelt articles Theodore Roosevelt was conceived in New York City in 1858, the second of four siblings and sisters. Albeit favored with a fast psyche he was not honored with a solid body. He experienced perilous asthma assaults all through his youth. Asked on by his dad, Theodore started to develop his body by difficult exercise, and by adulthood he had gotten a model of physical mental fortitude and durability. This early case of his character was condemning of the manner in which he carried on with an incredible remainder. He didn't withdraw notwithstanding hardships, and he persistently showed wonderful physical and Halfway in view of a serious asthmatic condition, Theodore was instructed by private mentors until 1876, when he entered Harvard College. Deserting plans to become a naturalist, he created political and recorded interests and completed twenty- first in quite a while class. Four months after his graduation in 1880, he wedded Alice Hathaway Lee, with whom he had a girl. Exhausted by the investigation of law in the workplace of an uncle furthermore, at Columbia University, Roosevelt energetically surrendered it in 1882 to serve the first of three terms in the New York State Assembly. Roosevelt's last term was ruined by the unexpected passings of his mom and his significant other inside long stretches of each other in 1884. After this he moves to North Dakota to get himself and he looses his grandiosity. He at that point moves back to New York and runs for civic chairman. He at that point went to London to wed Edith Carow, with whom he had four children and a little girl. Roosevelt came back to New York City in 1895 to serve two years as leader of the police board. Roosevelt surrendered in the spring of 1897 to become President William McKinley's associate secretary of the On edge to substantiate himself enduring an onslaught, Roosevelt surrendered as partner secretary of the Navy in April to sort out the Harsh Riders. He took order of the unit in ... <! Theodore Roosevelt papers Theodore Roosevelt was an able go between. Notwithstanding intervening work strikes, for example, the 1902 Coal Strike, and the Treaty of Portsmouth to end the war among Japan and Russia in 1906, he likewise utilized his abilities to manage the topic of trusts. Roosevelt would not like to kill companies yet he disliked trusts and figured they ought to be squashed. Anyway the manner in which they acted was more critical to Roosevelt than their size and he possibly attempted to check their activities in the event that they were abusive to people in general. He utilized the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to assault confides in documenting suits in court against substances, including hamburger, oil, steel, sugar, and tobacco trusts. In all he recorded 44 antitrust suits. Theodore Roosevelt once stated, We can't bear the cost of any more extended to proceed with our present mechanical and social framework, or rather no-arrangement of each man-for-himself, Roosevelt broadcasted in 1918. It was unimaginable, he stated, to consolidate political majority rules system with mechanical autocracy.(Theodore Roosevelt: (The American Presidents Series) As President, Roosevelt held the perfect that the Government ought to be the extraordinary judge of the clashing financial powers in the Nation, particularly among capital and work, ensuring equity to each and administering favors to none. Roosevelt rose tremendously as a trust buster by driving the disintegration of an incredible railroad blend in the Northwest. Other antitrust suits under the Sherman Act followed. In his first term in office, Roosevelt utilized the Justice Department to indict the railroad, meatpacking, and oil trusts. Theodore Roosevelt has been reviewed as one of our most strong Presidents. The explanation behind his notoriety of solidarity laid on his capacity to complete things, both locally and abroad (Site of Theodore Roosevelt). His arrangements brought about a reinforced official branch. Perhaps the most punctual showcases of Federal force came in 1902 with the Pennsylvania coal strike. Greetings... <! Theodore Roosevelt articles I am no doubt, one of the most questionable pioneers who inhabited the beginning of the Twentieth Century. Scarcely any individuals can make a case for the to the titles of school competitor, naturalist, traditionalist, major game tracker, warrior, and legislator. Most would be content with encountering a couple of the difficulties that I confronted. I was blessed enough to be in the perfect spot at the opportune time so I impacted the advancement of the United States as a force to be reckoned with. At the same time, I completely making an incredible most and figured out how to satisfy a large portion of my youth dreams. I was conceived in New York City, on October 27, 1958, as the child of Theodore and Martha Bulloch Roosevelt. As a kid, I experienced extreme asthma and until roughly the age of 11, I was much of the time debilitated. I cherished the outside and was generally alone taking a gander at the universe of nature, which captivated me. Different children in the area as a rule prohibited me from their exercises since I was littler and more vulnerable than most, and I was frequently picked upon. By and by, at some point, my dad disclosed to me something that changed my life for eternity. He stated, You have the brain yet not the body and without the assistance of the body the psyche can't go the extent that it should. You should make your body.(Paxson 1) With this motivation, I utilized the little recreation center that my dad worked for me on the second floor of our home. I could be found there day by day utilizing the hand weights, punching sack and other stuff. As my build improved, I in th e long run took boxing exercises, wrestling directions, and jujitsu. (Encarta 1) As I in the end defeated my asthma, I closely resembled a typical child. After hard investigations with my coaches, I entered Harvard University, and graduated in 1880. While at Harvard, in October of 1879, I met my future spouse, Alice Hathaway Lee. I sought her for a year and afterward wedded he in 1880. Subsequent to wedding Alice, I quickly got engaged with governmental issues, and in 1881... <! Theodore Roosevelt expositions The facts demonstrate that everybody in life needs a diversion. Regardless of whether it is something as little as stamp gathering, or on the off chance that it were as extensive as vehicles, everybody has a diversion or some likeness thereof. However, imagine a scenario where you turned out to be so fixated on your interest that you would utilize it as a departure from the real world. Okay despite everything have the option to work regularly? All things considered, was Theodore Roosevelt only a normal tracker, or did he use chasing as a getaway from the truth of Presidency? Theodore Roosevelt, conceived October 27th 1858, was the 26th President of the United States of America. Theodore was designated to this superb situation after President William McKinley had been killed. At the period of just 42, Theodore Roosevelt had become the most youthful man at any point to turn into the President. This wasnt the main irregular occasion in Roosevelts life. Not at all like different Presidents before Theodore, he had a remarkable energy for chasing. No particular sorts or type of creature, simply chasing by and large. Theodore didnt remain near the White House when he hunted. He voyaged all over looking for game, including Colorado, the Dakota Territory, and Maine. Teddy Roosevelt initially started his adoration for chasing when he was just 14. As of now period, many bought weapons for self-preservation purposes, not for chasing. In any case, Teddy had a remarkable enthusiasm for sport shooting, skeet shooting, and wild game chasing, in the same way as other different guys in humankind. Since the time Teddy got his first firearm, a twofold hurtle shotgun, he glaringly demonstrated his affection for chasing by pursuing down wild game, and afterward killing the creature. A few people would state this sort of conduct is typical for a kid this age, since it is as yet the age bunch that could be viewed as the creative mind period. In any case, his fixation turns out to be significantly a greater amount of an issue upon graduation from school, when Teddy and his sibling Elliott went on a chasing excursion to upstate Illinois. After just three days of h ... <! Theodore Roosevelt expositions Theodore Roosevelt was conceived on October 27, 1858 in New York City. His dad was a prosperous china trader and was one of the well off old knickerbocker class families. Theodore was a wiped out, underweight youngster with poor visual perception. He additionally experienced serious asthma assaults. To fortify his body, he lifted free weights and worked out. In 1880, he wedded his first spouse, Alice Lee. His significant other and mothere kicked the bucket in a similar house, on February 14, 1884. His mom kicked the bucket of typhoid fever and his better half passed on of Brights infection, two days subsequent to bringing forth a little girl. He was upset to the point that he left for his farm in the Badlands of Dakota Territory. On a visit to London, In December 1886, he wedded Edith Carow. He was the dad of six youngsters. Theodore Roosevelt had numerous achievements throughout the years. During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was a lieutenant colonel of the Rough Rider Regiment, which drove a charge at the Battle of San Juan. Theodore was a New York State Assemblyman from 1882 to 1884. In 1898, he ran for Governor of New York and won. He filled in as legislative head of New York for a long time. Theodore was likewise a representative sheriff in the Dakota Territory, Police Commissioner of New York City, U.S. Common Service Commissioner and Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In 1901, he turned into the Vice-President under President McKinley. At the point when President McKinley was killed, Theodore Roosevelt, 42, turned into the most youthful President in the Nations history. He drove the Americans toward dynamic changes and a set up a solid international strategy. He took the view that the President as a steward of the peopleshould make whatever move fundamental for the open great except if explicitly taboo by law or the Constitution. Theodore Roosevelt Presidential accomplishments were many. He held the perfect that the Government ought to be the extraordinary authority of the clashing monetary foreces in ... <! Theodore Roosevelt ess

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Cosmos Episode 6 Viewing Worksheet - Teacher Resources

The most effective educators know they must vary their teaching style in order to accommodate all types of learners. One fun way to do this that students always seem to like is to show videos or have a movie day. A great science based Fox television series, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, will keep the students not only entertained but also learning as they follow along on the adventures of affable host Neil deGrasse Tyson. He makes the complicated science topics accessible for all learners. Below are questions that can be copy and pasted into a worksheet for use during or after the showing  of episode 6 of Cosmos, entitled Deeper Deeper Deeper Still,  to assess students learning. It can also be used by the students as a sort of guided note taking worksheet during the video to jot down the main ideas. You are free to copy and use this worksheet as you feel necessary to best fit your class. Cosmos Episode 6 Worksheet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Name:___________________    Directions: Answer the questions as you watch episode 6 of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey    1.   About how many atoms does Neil deGrasse Tyson say that he’s made up of?    2. How many hydrogen and oxygen atoms are in one molecule of water?    3.   Why do the water molecules move faster when the sun hit them?    4.   What has to happen to the water molecules before they can evaporate?    5. How long have tardigrades been living on Earth?    6. What are the â€Å"holes† in the moss called that take in carbon dioxide and â€Å"exhale† oxygen?    7. What does a plant need in order to break water into hydrogen and oxygen?    8. Why is photosynthesis the â€Å"ultimate green energy†?    9. How long can a tardigrade go without water?    10. When did the first flowering plants evolve?    11. What did Charles Darwin conclude about the orchid based on his idea of Natural Selection?    12. How much of Madagascar’s rain forests have been destroyed?    13. What is the name of the nerve that is stimulated when we smell something?    14. Why do certain scents trigger memories?    15. How does the number of atoms in every breath we take compare to all the stars in all the known galaxies?    16. What idea about nature was first expressed by Thales?    17.   What was the name of the ancient Greek philosopher who came up with the idea of atoms?    18. What is the only element that is flexible enough to create different structures necessary to sustain life?    19. How did Neil deGrasse Tyson explain that the boy did not really touch the girl?    20. How many protons and electrons does an atom of gold have?    21.   Why is the Sun so hot?    22. What is the â€Å"ash† in the Sun’s nuclear furnace?    23. How are heavier elements, like iron, made?    24. How much distilled water is in the neutrino trap?    25. Why did neutrinos reach the Earth 3 hours before anyone knew of the Supernova 1987A?    26. What law of Physics made it possible for Neil deGrasse Tyson not to flinch when the red ball came swinging back at his face?    27. How did Wolfgang Pauli explain the â€Å"breaking† of the law of conservation of energy in radioactive isotopes?    28.   Why can we not go further back than 15 minutes into January 1 on the â€Å"cosmic calendar†?    29. About what size was the universe when it was a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second old?

Advertisers Targeting Children in Asia - 1291 Words

Several advertiser watercourse their work through the television with the intention of targeting certain commercials to children and youth. Those commercials, consisting of the Bodoni â€Å"junk solid food advertising,† have influenced the lives and wellness of children, according to studies. This kind of advertising poses a menace to children, and yet food companies continue to present these graphics extensively and purposely. Overweight and corpulency have reached epidemic proportions in many Asia n countries (Ramachandran, 2010). Because of these trouble these countries also cladding a grave burden of obesity-related upset such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which will increase at a younger age of us than in Western populations. These kind of disorders are also manifested in childhood. The John R. Major causative divisor are related to the life style changes occurring due to rapid socioeconomic transition. Asiatic populations show several difference s in genetic element when compared with the white population, and they also have lower excision dot for environmental risk factors. National programmes targeting populace awareness, instruction and improved structural facilities to facilitate wellness y lifestyle are the keys to alleviate the economic and health care burden of the obesity-related disorders. In most of the Asia countries the prevalence of stoutness and obesity has increased many faithful in the past tense few decades and the magnitude variesShow MoreRelatedYouth Marketing1668 Words   |  7 PagesAfter a moving target by Jo Bowman  Ã‚  Ã‚   5-Nov-04, 08:49 Asia s youth may be a moving target but targeted traditional media, from print to radio, can still work Parents used to bemoan the fact that their kids were constantly glued to the set; now they despair that young people don t seem to focus on anything for more than a few minutes. Sure, they re still watching TV, but no longer are they couch potatoes, absorbing everything that flashes across the screen; they re flicking channels, flickingRead MoreApple : A Good Opportunity For Apple1291 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Personnel Computer’s (PC) are ordered on age, family measure, for instance they would have more recreations and excitement in the Pcs for the children and an expert with all the most recent software s. GEOGRAPHICAL By looking into the geographical Segment of have built their business everywhere throughout the world like America, Europe, Asia and Australia and South America. As of late Apple decided to execute a vertical development methodology and started extending their own particular retailRead MoreEffective Advertising Planning and Implementation Paper1432 Words   |  6 Pagescompetitive advantage and fast service. People often come to a fast food restaurant on a quick break knowing what to expect. McDonald’s offers quality, convenience, service and value. McDonalds created the Happy Meal that includes a toy and was marketed to children to add a differentiating advantage in their markets. But not only did they add a toy, they also added a specific toy for a girl or a boy to bring a more personal experience for family dining or carry out, whichever each family decides on their nightRead MoreAdvertising And The Fast Food Industry1776 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertising to children has ethical implications associated with the imprint that is Installed upon a child’s impressionable and still developing psychology. However, this Ethical consideration is often not present in many business standards or decisions. For example, within our society, the fast food industry has become synonymous with the high obesity rate of Americans and it can be argued that within this implication, the fast food industry had implored An unethical marketing strategyRead MoreCarvel Ice Cream4439 Words   |  18 PagesCarvel founded Carvel Corporation (Carvel) in Hartsdale, New York on 1934 which is a permanent roadside location. Before this he uses his mobile ice cream trunk. Carvel established Carvel Asia Limited on 1994, to act as holding company for the ice cream maker’s operational investments in Asia, starting in Beijing. Teamed up with China’s Minister of Agriculture to create Beijing Carvel Food Company Limited (Beijing Carvel), a joint venture equally owned by both parties. Beijing Carvel hasRead MoreHow Attitudes And Behavior Influence One Another1777 Words   |  8 Pagesbehavior is inconsistent with attitude it is normally because of peer pressure. Adult behaviors normally happen because of held attitudes while children attitudes are shaped from what they observe. We know the saying that a child’s mind is like a sponge, it soaks up everything. This plays true as children copies the actions of others from a very young age. As children grow up, the behavior of their peers can have a drastic impact on them. This is where peer pressure can play a great roll on a child or teenagerRead MoreSoybean Milk Enter the Uk Market4 289 Words   |  18 PagesBritish people are like to drink juice, coffee and hot chocolate. Fifth, the package has to change and provide more size for them to choose. Because British people like to do family shopping and they have big family, most of them with two or three children for a couple. So the size will have 500ML, 1L and 2L with plastic bottle. Every new product entry the new market is not well known immediately, so the company has to do the efficient communication with consumers and set up the good brand image. ThusRead MoreRecent Trends in Advertising11843 Words   |  48 Pagesbillions of dollars in revenues which constantly feed their tummies with money coming from the advertisers. Across time, we have been witness to big changes in advertising, from merely communicating a product or service, to highly sophisticated multidimensional and multi-channel strategies, and always with the same goal: to induce someone to buy or use that product or service. To achieve their g oal, advertisers use different types of weapons with very different characteristics, ranging from pure carpet-bombingRead MoreMtv Marketing Strategy Analysis Essay examples4836 Words   |  20 Pagestwenty advertisers and 30% of available commercial time. At this time, the company was owned and operated by the Warner Amex Satellite Entertainment Company.[1] â€Å"Youth will be served,† this statement illustrates the foundations on which MTV was established. The company had already been serving the youths of the nation with â€Å"Nickelodeon,† hence MTV was created to target the â€Å"bigger kids,† the ones with enough discretionary income representing an attractive segment to marketers and advertisers.[2] Read MoreOffensive Advertising : Advertising, Muslims, And Consumer Behaviour9514 Words   |  39 Pagesadvertising campaigns in Egypt as an illustration of controversial advertising in an Arabian Muslim majority country. These examples demonstrate that offe nsive advertising is consistently used in different countries and is being more frequently used as advertisers attempt to find ways to attract attention in an increasingly competitive advertisement environment (Pope et al., 2004; Prendergast et al., 2002; Vezina and Paul, 1997; Waller, 2005; Dahl at el., 2003). This spells out the need to gain a deeper understanding

Social Determinants of Health WHO

Question: Write about theSocial Determinants of Healthfor WHO. Answer: Obesity is the public health issue as per World Health Organisation or WHO. It is one of the leading causes of death in both developing and developed countries (World Health Organization, 2014). Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity has increased two fold over the past two decades among children, teenagers, and adults. Therefore, the rising burden of obesity has created a moral panic. Obesity is a multifactorial disease. It is known to be caused by genetics, over-eating and inappropriate diet, over-weight, hormones, environmental factors and lack of physical activity (Mitchell et al., 2014). The health impact of obesity includes diabetes, eating disorder, cancer, comorbidities such as renal failure, heart failure and death (Buchmueller Johar, 2015). Consequently, the disease has increased the health care cost. The exact cause of obesity must be known to prevent the global pandemic of obesity. The essay aims to identify if obesity is caused by broader social determinants of health or individual lifestyle choices. The essay highlights the determinants of obesity and discuss its relationship with individual lifestyle choices. The risk factors of obesity and its implications are also explored in essay. Obesity is characterised by excess fat accumulation in body which is found to reduce life expectancy. It is also measured in terms of body mass index or BMI. A BMI over 30kg/m2 represents obesity and is calculated as a ratio of individuals weight in Kg and square of height. It an important tool to asses obesity in all age groups at population level (Tanamas et al., 2014). Different BMI scores can determine the health risks due to obesity. For instance, if an individuals BMI is between 25-29 the condition can be referred as overweight. There are three classes of obesity and the first class is identified by BMI range of 30 and 34.9. Obesity of class 2 is recognised by BMI between 35 and 39. If the BMI is 40 or more then it is an alarm for high risk obesity and adverse consequences (Swinburn Wood, 2013). Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity has increased two fold over the past two decades among children, teenagers, and adults. According to WHO, in 2014, there were 1.9 billion obese adults and of these more than 600 million adults were marked obese. As per these reports 13% of the worlds adult population in 2014 were obese. It includes 15% of women and 11% of men. These reports highlighted that 39% of the population (18 years and above) were overweight in 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014). The rate of obesity is climbing faster in Australia than any other place in world. Australia is considered as one of the fattest developed nation due to rising trend of obesity (Kendall et al., 2015). According to the reports of Swinburn Wood, (2013) the obesity is estimated to rise to 38% by 2025 from current per cent of 28. In Australia, higher numbers of young adults are representive of obesity than the adults, which indicates individual lifestyle factors as underlying cause of the disease. The cause of obesity is debateable as there are multiple factors responsible for rising trend of obesity in children, adolescents, and adults. Diet is primary factor responsible for obesity. The weight of an individual is determined by the energy expenditure and the intake of calorie. The imbalance between the two parameters leads to overweight or underweight. Obesity is identified to be primarily associated with intake of high calories food and lack of physical activity (Teixeira et al., 2015). Overweight can result from genetic predisposition, defect in metabolism, individual behaviour, environmental and cultural factors. For instance, fat regulation is impaired by leptin deficiency and this problem is hereditary in nature. Similarly, intake of diet rich in carbohydrates, and saturated fatty acids leads to overweight individuals. Weight gain results from spike in insulin level which occurs due to consumption of large meals. The insulin level remains stable when small meals are take n frequently. Sedentary life style, results in weight gain due to low amount of calories burnt and is one of the major contributing factor of obesity. Hypothyroidism is the endocrine disorder which also contributes to obesity (Suglia et al., 2013). According to WHO, the risk factors of obesity are unhealthy lifestyle choices such as having fat and calorie rich diet, lack of physical activity, stress, and lack of sleep. Socioeconomic factors are also a risk for obesity development. Low social connectedness or unhealthy social environment, low socioeconomic statuses are found to be factors contributing to obesity (Roberto et al., 2015). Social determinants of health on a broad aspect are recognised to cause obesity. In order to develop effective interventions, it is necessary to know the relationship between social determinants and obesity. Educational status, Gender, age, employment status ethnicity, behavioural factors like smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of exercises and socioeconomic factors are the determinants of obesity. Among all the determinants, the socioeconomic factor is highest concern for obesity (Flores et al., 2015). People belonging to low socioeconomic class are prone to eating unhealthy diet and malnutrition due to low cost of living. They depend on fast foods and other food that do not met the bodys requirements of fats, protein and carbohydrates. Thus, people with obesity are highly represented from low socioeconomic status (Bhurosy Jeewon, 2014). On the other hand, people belonging to upper class society or having high socioeconomic status adopt healthy lifestyle. They have good housing facilitie s, healthy diet, and people participate in health promoting activities (Kennedy, 2015). However, it was also found that people with high socioeconomic status highly engage in sedentary lifestyle. The working population of high socioeconomic group due to busy schedule depend on ready to eat food of fast food centres, do not participate in physical activities, and are vulnerable to obesity. Children of working parents engage in watching television, eating junk food at schools and other sedentary behaviours that are not monitored on time and contribute to high BMI and obesity (Popkin Slining, 2013). The high socioeconomic group of people have been found to regularly visit fast food chain restaurants such as McDonalds. These groups of people mostly purchase large sizes of burger and consume beverages that increase calorie and fat level in body. However, due to lack of physical activities these fats and calories are accumulated leading to weight gain and obesity. Residents in close proximity of fast food centres are highest consumers of fat and calories then residents staying far apart. This behaviour indicates influence of individual lifestyle choices on obesity. Obesity is reco gnised to be an extension of advancing economy and technology (Bhurosy Jeewon, 2014). With the availability of smart phones and increasing popularity and use of e-commerce, accessing fast food has become easy for people living in distant part of cities or remote areas. These labour saving devices have increased consumption of fast food due to home delivery of food in maximum 30 minutes of time. It saves cooking time and people are more attracted to fast food. In addition, smoking and alcohol consumption add to the sedentary choices. Consequently, this group of people are found with low energy expenditure (Witten, 2016). Another most important factor determining obesity is gender. For instance, in America, more women than men are obese as women have higher body fat percentage. However, the scenario is not same in different countries (Flores et al., 2015). Cultural factors also play great role in obesity. In some countries, cultural factors favour larger body size (fat acceptance). It is regarded as sign of healthfulness, fertility, and prosperity (Robinson Christiansen, 2014). Age is another risk factor of obesity. In Australia, the number of overweight and obese males over 18 years was more than females. Obesity has been identified to increase with age. In Australia, rate of obesity is found to increase between 45 and 74 years for males and between 55 and 74 years of age for females. After 75 years of age the rate of obesity declines by 69% in males (Rahman Harding, 2013). Environmental factors influence eating behaviour. For instance, remote regions and rural areas lack accessibility to variety of food items therefore, people choose from limited options that may not meet adequate nutritional requirements of body (Flores et al., 2015). Psychological factors such as depression and anxiety also determine eating behaviours. Problematic eating such as snacking high calorie food items mindlessly or night eating leads to binge eating disorder in adolescents and children (Suglia et al., 2013). Education and health literacy is related to rising trend of obesity. People with high educational attainment tend to easily understand health and illness. The awareness of healthy and unhealthy lifestyle activities assist in making effective health decisions. People with poor educational attainment lack awareness about consequences of overeating and obesity. Health literacy help people participate actively in health promoting activities such as exercises, maintaing norm al vital signs, making lifestyle modifications and seeking counselling services for psychological issues. On the people with low health literacy, remain unaware of risk factors of chronic illnesses and initiatives that can prevent the adverse consequences (Witten, 2016). The cumulative effect of cultural, social, environmental and individual lifestyle factors causing obesity has several implications (Flores et al., 2015). The health implications of obesity include insulin resistance diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular diseases. More men that are obese are dying due to colorectal cancer and women that are obese are dying due to endometrial cancer. Severe obesity leads to sleep apnoea, hypercapnia,and degenerative joint disease. These health risks are due to distribution of body fat. Obesity has significant impact on economy due to rising health care costs related to mortality and morbidity (Specchia et al., 2015). Since, it is evident that obesity is a complex mesh of multifactorial interactions, there is a need to address the dominant determinants of obesity such as individual choices and social factors causing obesogenic behaviour (Buchmueller Johar, 2015). Understanding the risk factors and raising awareness may d ecrease the vulnerability to the illness. More interventions are needed at societal and individual level then at medical level. Healthy lifestyle modification is vital which may be possible through stringent government policies on fast food restaurants, and initiate compulsory health education in every country (through campaigns and mass awareness) (Malik et al., 2013). More interventions are needed at psychological level to change compulsive eating behaviour, promote uptake of physical activities, and omit fat acceptance. In conclusion, obesity is the outcome of complex interactions of individual lifestyle choices and social determinants of health. Social factors and individual lifestyle choices are primary contributing factors of obesity out of various cultural, psychological and environmental factors. It implies the need of health education to address obesity and its adverse health activities. People need to be educated about healthy lifestyle choices. There is a need of more research in the area of gender disparities in overweight and obesity and cultural influences to understand the pandemic and develop preventive strategies. References Bhurosy, T., Jeewon, R. (2014). Overweight and obesity epidemic in developing countries: a problem with diet, physical activity, or socioeconomic status?.The Scientific World Journal,2014. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/964236/abs/ Buchmueller, T. C., Johar, M. (2015). Obesity and health expenditures: evidence from Australia.Economics Human Biology,17, 42-58. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X1500012X Flores, M. R., Velazquez, V. V., Mejia, G. T., Fuentes, V. S., Peniche, L. P., Maciel, R., ... Garcia, E. G. (2015). Association of Socioeconomic Factors with Success in the Treatment of Obesity.Canadian Journal of Diabetes,39, S72. https://www.canadianjournalofdiabetes.com/article/S1499-2671(15)00303-2/abstract Kendall, B. J., Wilson, L. F., Olsen, C. M., Webb, P. M., Neale, R. E., Bain, C. J., Whiteman, D. C. (2015). Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to overweight and obesity.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,39(5), 452-457. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1753-6405.12458/full Kennedy, K. (2015). Increased Patient Health Literacy and Healthcare Provider Structural Competence: Public and Private Strategies for Improving Patient Health Outcomes. https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/tactalks/2015/spring/6/ Malik, V. S., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B. (2013). Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,9(1), 13-27. https://www.nature.com/nrendo/journal/v9/n1/abs/nrendo.2012.199.html Mitchell, R. J., Lord, S. R., Harvey, L. A., Close, J. C. (2014). Associations between obesity and overweight and fall risk, health status and quality of life in older people.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(1), 13-18. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1753-6405.12152/full Popkin, B. M., Slining, M. M. (2013). New dynamics in global obesity facing low?and middle?income countries.Obesity Reviews,14(S2), 11-20. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12102/full Rahman, A., Harding, A. (2013). Prevalence of overweight and obesity epidemic in Australia: some causes and consequences.JP Journal of Biostatistics,10(1), 31. https://search.proquest.com/openview/83c4e06e520973d6bd8ac2a3fff46085/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=1816344 Roberto, C. A., Swinburn, B., Hawkes, C., Huang, T. T., Costa, S. A., Ashe, M., ... Brownell, K. D. (2015). Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking.The Lancet,385(9985), 2400-2409. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361461744X Robinson, E., Christiansen, P. (2014). The changing face of obesity: exposure to and acceptance of obesity.Obesity,22(5), 1380-1386. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20699/full Specchia, M. L., Veneziano, M. A., Cadeddu, C., Ferriero, A. M., Mancuso, A., Ianuale, C., ... Ricciardi, W. (2015). Economic impact of adult obesity on health systems: a systematic review.The European Journal of Public Health,25(2), 255-262. https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/25/2/255/2837324/Economic-impact-of-adult-obesity-on-health-systems Suglia, S. F., Duarte, C. S., Chambers, E. C., Boynton-Jarrett, R. (2013). Social and behavioral risk factors for obesity in early childhood.Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics: JDBP,34(8), 549. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960979/ Swinburn, B., Wood, A. (2013). Progress on obesity prevention over 20 years in Australia and New Zealand.Obesity Reviews,14(S2), 60-68 . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12103/full Tanamas, S. K., Shaw, J. E., Backholer, K., Magliano, D. J., Peeters, A. (2014). Twelve?year weight change, waist circumference change and incident obesity: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study.Obesity,22(6), 1538-1545. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20704/full Teixeira, P. J., Carraa, E. V., Marques, M. M., Rutter, H., Oppert, J. M., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., ... Brug, J. (2015). Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators.BMC medicine,13(1), 84. https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0323-6 Witten, K. (2016).Geographies of obesity: environmental understandings of the obesity epidemic. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=0O4GDAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Geographies+of+obesity:+environmental+understandings+of+the+obesity+epidemicots=D74S9aG_Onsig=ZKaQyxj2799KcvqRR5KmfAc5ut8#v=onepageq=Geographies%20of%20obesity%3A%20environmental%20understandings%20of%20the%20obesity%20epidemicf=false World Health Organization. (2014).Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. World Health Organization. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20153093363

The Crucible The Lady Of Shalott Essay Example For Students

The Crucible: The Lady Of Shalott Essay Two girls lye sleeping, one with her eyes open, the other with her eyes closed. Not such an unusual picture except for the fact that the two sleeping girls cannot awake. A mysterious servant from a faraway place, a group of young ladies seeking magic to joins their hearts with the men that haunt their dreams. A man of the cloth who stumbles onto a secret dance in the middle of the forest who will spend the next year of his life harboring secrets and trying desperately not to be exposed. The town of Salem sucked into the vacuum of conspiracy, accusations, innuendo and the horrifying fact that maybe Lucifer has come to make a house call. They say that truth is stranger than fiction and if this story wasnt a dark shadow on our nations history it would make for a great novel. But if it was the truth and for those who where there, a horrible reality. This community so caught up in the possibility that witchcraft existed, they completely lost their senses. The following is a breakdown of a ll the legal issues that by todays standards where not followed. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible: The Lady Of Shalott specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Church and StateOut of all the issues that will be addressed, this one is the most difficult. In the 1600s, the church was interwoven with the state and the operation of government. Enter Reverend Hale a scholar of witchcraft. Unbeknownst to everyone, a novice at his trade; a person trying to gain status in the new country. The power of life and death lay in his hands, by his words a person could be deemed a witch and suffer the consequences. It was Rev. Hale who was the fuel that lit the fire. The first amendment clause of the United States Constitution states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Although this country was founded in a belief of god and morality, the intent was never to have the church involved with the judiciary. The justices would not assemble in Salem, Massachusetts until Reverend Hale found proof of witchery. And by the words of a child, and with a desire he found find what he sought, witch craft was found in Salaam and the justices where assemble. With a hidden agenda and his life and position at stake, Reverend Parris joins to support the movement this helps fire the furnace and gain support for the movement. Freedom of Speech, Expression ReligionAlthough not of majority, Abigail and her group of Satin worshipers where denied by her uncle and the community their right to free speech. The very essence of being an American, the right of free speech and worship as granted by the first amendment of the Constitution. Amendment I Section 12 protected the girls right to practice the satanic ritual. The country as whole was not allowed to practice whatever religion they choose. Forced or Co worst ConfessionIt started with the whipping of Tituba the servant and ended with the offering of anvisty to Proctor or any other citizen who admitted to the practicing of witchcraft. False witness statements, Hearsay and forced confession all took place. Reverend Parris beat his servant until she admitted guilt and participation in the practice of witchcraft she was anvisty when she then pointed the finger at Abigail. This was the mayhem that started to grow. As others where accused, the accused pointed to another. Statement of falsity became statement of fact. It became a case of freedom exchanged for defendants. Due ProcessAs stated in the Due Process clause of the Constitution, all people are entitled to Due Process. This includes, a right to an attorney, the right to have the attorney present during questioning, a right to remain silent, a right to have an attorney appointed if you can not afford one. This whole concept completely thrown out the window during the witchcraft trials. The complete process went a rye from the beginning. With a grand jury never seated to hear evidence and testimony to find basis for a case, the case went forward. Three justices where empanel to hear the case, but most importantly there was no jury of the defendants piers. This right is granted in the United States Constitution in Article III sect 3. And defined in Amendment V, No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury. There was no evidence presented except for heresy and theatrics presented by Abigails little faction, the justices believed that ?the Devil was in Salem?, and they were going to find him. Although in the most part the defendants were able to face their accusers, there where many instances were the defendants did not. Ever present was the courts acceptance of the theatrics of the young ladies when the case would turn in favor of the defendant. The court allowed un-substantiated evidence, and completely overlooking the best evidence rule. With no interrogation process, and with no right to council, the defendants most of whom where uneducated farmers where placed in the position of having to handle their own cases pro-say. Out numbered, and out brained the result was the capital punishment of hanging. Ironically, if this trial would of taken place after the original Constitution was ratified, Reverend Parris would have a property tort against the government when his servant Tituba was convicted and hanged. More importantly the accused where denied their rights under Amendment IV of the C onstitution which states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. As the defendants where convicted, they where stripped of there property. Property searched and seized all without probable cause. .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 , .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .postImageUrl , .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 , .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:hover , .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:visited , .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:active { border:0!important; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:active , .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3 .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78ba834ad9a4b5cde0b1db0808bc88f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nuclear Fusion EssayDefamation ; SlanderAs the trial got underway, another factor emerged. The accused where publicly humiliated both by their fellow citizens and in the press. The names of the accused where posted in the Salaam and in the salaam press and throughout New England. They were cursed and ridiculed and even after the trials where suspended. Those who where not hanged where looked down upon for the rest of their lives. Their name was far more important to them then any wealth that was accumulated. This point was strongly pointed out by Proctor who as a final stand for his dignity refused to sign the confession that would set his wife and himself free. How may I live without my name? I have given you my sole; leave me my name! So valuable ones name that Proctor would rather die then be defamed. Beyond a Reasonable Doubt the Right of AppealThe nineteen victims of the Salaam witch hunt where never given true Due Process as allowed by the constitution. The evidence against them did not come anywhere near Reasonable Doubt, they where convicted by allegations, rumor and non-truths. Part of this Due Process is the right to appeal. These folks where imprisoned for quite a period of time loosing their right to speedy trial. Maybe more importantly, upon conviction they were not allowed to appeal the verdict. Within a short period of time following the convictions, the convicted where hanged. Sovereignty ConspiracyAs the play climaxes, we are faced with one of the hidden truths, the justices so committed to the right outcome will do anything to maintain their judgment. In Act three, the chief justice is handed a petition from Proctor. The form contains a list of over 70 people begging for the end to the trials. Instead of looking at the document and supporting the sovereign of the people, he chooses to use it as a list of future indictments. Knowing that the community is in favor of ending the insanity, the justices choose to use it as a weapon. Further, after Protor presented one of the young ladies involved to testify to the truth of the matter, the justice choose to view her testimony of that of a liar or a person of unstable mind. The three justices commit conspiracy by knowing the truth but choosing ego and vanity over the truth and doing the right thing. ConclusionIt is almost understandable that a community at the point in our history that they where, could get caught up in such an ordeal. Religion stood much higher in loyalty then even the government. Like many other similar events that have taken place in history, people are prone to being caught in a frenzy. The devil was as real to these people as anything in the natural world. Fear of dam nation or eternal hell filled there minds and carried them away. This was not the only witch trial that made the history books; two hundred years later a man by the name of senator McCarthy had one of his own. Like Salaam, lifes, marriages and livelihoods were lost. Bibliographylegal aspects of the CrucibalPoetry Essays

From Russia With Lov Essays

From Russia With Lov Essays From Russia With Lov Essay From Russia With Lov Essay From Russia With Love, is a James Bond film created in 1963. It pits James Bond, the British secret agent at his best against the Russian organization SPECTRE.From Russia With Love is the second film in the long running Bond series of films. This film is the successor to Dr No, and many critics argue that these two are among the best of the Bond films, with memorable scenes, solid storyline, memorable villains and acting (Sean Connery as James Bond especially).James Bond was the creation of Ian Fleming, who began writing his first story Casino Royale while on his Jamaican hideaway. After almost a decade, his stories were turned into a movie, Dr. No in 1962 which was directed by Albert Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, although Ian Fleming still had an influence on the movies.Ian Fleming described Bond as an interesting man to whom extraordinary things happen. This is why he chose the name James Bond, as it seems anonymous, even though James Bond is far from anonymous symbolizing a very up per class person with a good taste in cars, cigarettes and wines.The movie, From Russia with Love, was created in 1963, in the middle of the car war. Thus, it was very much influenced by the historical happenings at the time.At the time, tensions were quite high with the allies and the communists, particularly between the USA and the USSR.At the time, the USSR was viewed on by the western world as communist, and communist was seen as evil. Therefore the USSR was seen as evil by most of the western world. This is shown in the movie quite deliberately, as the Russians are depicted as the bad guys, while the British are shown as the heroes and the good guys.The movie is a typical good against bad scenario. However, unlike megalomaniacs seen in other Bond films, the villains, the Russians, arent after world domination, but something significantly less a decoding device.The plot is fairly complicated, but basically involved the SPECTRE organization, which is after the decoding device, u se Bond and cipher clerk Tatiana Romanova as pawns. Once Bond has obtained the decoding device from Tatiana, SPECTRE thug Red Grant is to take it from him, leaving behind him a corpse.This shows that the Russians will go to any lengths, even using their own people to achieve the end result even when its just to get a decoder. This again makes them look evil and ruthless.The movie begins with a chess tournament, between one of SPECTREs operatives Kronsteen, a chess master who has meticulously plotted every move and weighed all alternatives. He plays a British opponenet, which shows that during the Cold War competition took many different forms, and that conflict wasnt through battles but rather each country proving themselves, as the Russians try to prove themselves superior in chess to establish credibility. So competition took the form of many things such as sports, however it also took the form of the technology or arms race.Both Russia and the allies wanted to prove that their technology was more advanced and were all trying to get ahead.This can be seen in Qs technology, as the British are shown as far more advanced with all the spy technology being used. This is being used as propaganda, to show the Russians as inferior.The film as a whole can be seen as propaganda in many ways. The British are continually shown as superior to the inferior Russians, through technology and tactics. The Russians plans are quickly foiled by Bond, while the Russians are made to look thick at times, for example not noticing the periscope in the office. Or they look inferior in any fight scene, with James Bond easily dispatching on any assailants.Apart from looking inferior the Russians also look evil, as they are bad guys as mentioned before. However, all the Russians are dressed in black or dark clothes when compared to the light clothes the British wear. The west, in the form of Bond is made to look suave while the Russians are incompetent and thick at times.Further more t he Russians are shown to be without morals. They use their own people to gain an advantage, as seen is using Tatiana. However, they also use the Bulgarians.The Bulgars are their allies, however the Russians use them to attack the British allies, the Turks. When in the gypsy town, the Bulgars launch an attack simply to kill one man. This shows that the Russians dont care about them, as they simply use them to achieve one goal showing no morals.The Turks, and the gypsies are also a representation of satellite states.Although the movie seems to be full of propaganda, the movie was also made for the purpose of entertainment which can be seen from the eccentric villains and the exaggerated fight scenes, as well as the spy theme and all the gadgets on offer such as the suitcase. The movie is a classic Bond movie, with all the gadgets, the somewhat complex plot and of course the Bond girl Tatiana, something no Bond movie would be without.Overall, the movie is a blend of entertainment and propaganda. From exaggerated fight scenes, to the British constantly foiling every Russian move. There is no doubt that the cold war had significance on this movie, as it is reflected throughout it in many ways.The film tries to legitimise the ideology of capitalism and democracy, trying to show communism as being bad or evil. Although the film is fantasy, fantasy can very easily be interpreted as reality.

Applying Critical Discourse Analysis on a news report Essay

Applying Critical Discourse Analysis on a news report - Essay Example Quoting Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus, and referring to the concept of jihad or holy war, the Pontiff challenged, â€Å"Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached† (Pope Benedict XVI, â€Å"Pope’s Speech at University of Regensburg,† para. 8). The Pope later indicated the remarks were taken out of context and that he was merely quoting statements made by the medieval emperor, for which he later apologized. The textual excerpts below gleaned from Reuters news reports are particularly interesting in terms of discourse analysis. The first section of the paper analyses both texts using methods of analysis including Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology of Norman Fairclough and those suggested by Jan Blommaert. A second section applies other approaches that are useful and relevant, such as member categorization analysis (MCA). Indians set fire to an effigy of the Pope as a wave of protests ripples through the Muslim world. Words written more than 600 years ago still cause offence when taken out of context. The Pontiff’s care to point out that he was quoting someone else doesn’t seem to have prevented an angry reaction in some quarters. The statements are ugly and unfortunate. The Pope needs to take a step back, and should apologize to the Islamic world. Further north police had to restrain protestors in Jammu and Kashmir. Churches in the West Bank and in the Iraqi city of Basra were attacked, although the damage was minor. The church in Basra is Christian Orthodox and not aligned with the views of the Pope. Extra security outside the Pope’s summer residence on a very unsummery day. The Pontiff made a further apology, this time in person, to try to quell the anger in the Muslim world over his quote of a medieval philosopher. Pilgrims outside the Castel Gandolfo residence

Influences of Tradition in Field of Counseling Essay

Influences of Tradition in Field of Counseling - Essay Example In both cases, dreams were a factor in the analysis (Neuman, 1954). A method pioneered by psychologist Carl Rogers was a person-centered approach known as humanistic counseling, and B.F. Skinner was interested in what could actually be observed in the outside world, leading at first to therapy as a separate strand from counseling (History: Freud, 2007). Freud believed in psychoanalysis as a field for laypersons, but in the United States lay analysis was not considered legitimate, and is in fact illegal at present. U.S. psychoanalysts are required to be medically qualified. This prejudice against lay therapists led to Roger's adoption of the word "counseling" instead of therapist to describe his method since he was medically trained (Rohan, 2001). The terms "psychotherapy" and "counseling" have now become interchangeable in psychiatry, but Roger's holistic approach to the human side of counseling is unique in the field and has led to hundreds of research agendas. He brought many new ideas into therapy that were resisted at the time they were introduced and continue to be resisted even now (History: Counseling vs. Psychotherapy Divide, 2007). It is the approach to the whole person rather than just analysis of conscious and unconscious thought that makes humanistic counseling a produc... We live in a global community with a mix of cultures and social norms throughout the world. If we look at ourselves as individuals interacting with others and making an effort to determine what factors give us the most satisfaction, we become our own therapists. Humanistic counseling is comprised of self-actualization, creativity, and free choice. John Rowan (2001) describes Rogers' person-centered approach to psychiatric analysis as empathetic, genuine, and non-possessive warmth on the part of the counselor and goes on to discuss the various factors that make this a working form of counseling and analysis. Influences Shaping My Understanding of Counseling Humanistic counseling is somewhere in the middle of the therapeutic system, with Freud and Jung still a major force in the field and family therapy a derivative of humanistic counseling. With the advent of child guidance clinics, family therapy became the recommended treatment in the belief that "a child's symptoms were usually a function of emotional distress in the family" (Family Therapy. par. 8). However, the bottom line is the ability of the individual to understand and accept self, and in that respect humanistic counseling would be the preferred method. The following shows the stages of individual development from the inside out (Rowan, 2001): The first is the importance of self-esteem, trust, and acceptance between client and counselor. Next, it is necessary for the client to gain personal control by being honest with self. The second aspect of humanistic psychology is what is called "self actualization," the whole person: body, feelings, intellect, transpersonal self, and spirit. Neglecting any one of these areas defeats the effort. With so much attention now on the body-diet

Nanosolar Solar Panel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Nanosolar Solar Panel - Essay Example Nanosolar will increase the value of its products for all its stakeholder by going global. For the same manufacturing and Research and Development expenses, it will be able to widen its market. The best strategy is to penetrate a country that is underexplored by solar panel manufacturers. By using export mode, Nanosolar will be able to maximize current investment. The mobility of its panels will make it easy to transport. Nanosolar may continue manufacturing its products in its current location and ship it to the country of choice. Introduction: Company Background Nanosolar is a revolutionary solar panel created by a startup company who got their initial funding from Silicon Valley venture capitalists (VC). True to the reputation of young Silicon Valley technology developers, Nanosolar is radically different from other solar panels such as Sunpower and Evergreen. This solar panel is as thin as newspapers, foldable, flexible and very light. This makes it a non-intrusive technology. Ot her solar panels need to be incorporated in the construction of buildings or houses or would require major construction to be installed. Nanosolar’s size, lightness, and flexibility make it easier to be installed. Any existing homeowners can buy this solar panel and install it with minor repairs (LaMonica 2008, 41). The company originated in Chicago but has expanded its operation in the United Kingdom. In fact, their first major contract was in Germany instead of the U.S. Nanosolar continues to develop its technology to improve the amount of heat it converts to energy and make solar electricity cost as affordable as conventional electricity. They are now officially the world’s most affordable solar panel and also the most profitable for the stakeholders of the company and efficient for the consumers of the product. Its superior technology and even more superior market positioning also give it the potential to be a truly global product. It is the only solar panel on the market that is possible to be shipped through conventional consumer courier. It is the framework that makes Nanosolar’s entry into the foreign market not only practical but logical. It will maximize the current investment by capturing a larger market. Main Report Motives for Internationalization The strongest reason for internationalization is the value it promises to its shareholder. The most obvious is the additional revenue it will generate using existing resources (Friedman 1970, 32). Nanosolar is the only one of its kind in the market that is easy to transport because of its flexibility. It renders the setting up of a manufacturing plant unnecessary. Companies who expand to foreign markets are forced to open a manufacturing plant in or near the market they want to penetrate. This equates to bigger investments which lengthens the returns to the stakeholder (Hollensen 2011, 231).

indian history :: essays research papers

Chapter 6 Indian Removal Policy -- White settlers believed that Indians stood in the way of their progress -- 1820's Isaac McCoy, Baptist minister, believed that Indians would like to live in Kansas present idea to Sec. Of War Calhoun -- William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs negotiated treaties (agreements) with the Kansa and Osage Indians n to insure move of Indians Congress passes the Indian Removal Act of 1830 n promised the land in Oklahoma for â€Å"as long as the grass grows and the rivers run† n which was until 1906 n Trail of tears -- forced marches to insure move of Indians n Five civilized tribes n Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole n Cherokee adopt republican form of gov’t. John Ross Cherokee leader n Have written language (Sequoya) n Take U.S. to court to keep lands n Cherokee Nation v. Georgia n Chief Justice John Marshall rule in favor of the Indians n President Andrew Jackson â€Å" He’s made his decision, now let’s see him enforce it† n First group of 3000 began in summer of 1838 n 12,000 waited in prison camps and traveled during the winter of 1838-1839 forced there by 7000 U.S. Troops n one third to one fourth died on the trail 3000 to 4000 deaths n Conducted using U.S. Troops n n between 1825 and 1850, 25 tribes of Indians were removed or forced to move by settlers, and cavalry n 70,000 Indians give up their homes Cherokee Indians of Georgia Shawnee and Delaware Indians of Missouri -- Also Ottawa, Sac, Fox, Kickapoo, Miami, New York, and Quapaw -- Indians did not like the climate or environment of Kansas Settlers and Governmental officials cheated the Indians out of blankets, food, clothing, and shelter Resale to whites or pocket money -- Indians fought among themselves and took advantage of each other Missionaries from different tribes tried to "civilize" the Indians -- teach them the white mans way and to abandon their own way of life Osage Mission tried to teach Christianity to the Indians â€Å"Mission Neosho† the first Indian mission in Kansas even before Indian Removal Act 1824 1831 -- Shawnee Baptist Mission was started by Johnston Lykins Jotham Meeker brought the first printing press to Kansas Prints the first book in Kansas Ottawa Indian Laws Ottawa University develop later at mission -- Started Shawnee Sun (Siwinowe Kesibwi) a newspaper -- moved to Ottawa Indians near Franklin County Printing hymnals, scriptures, and newspaper 1832 -- Shawnee Methodist Mission in Wyandotte County (1839) moved to Johnson County Run by Thomas Johnson until it closed in 1862 Johnson County Organized in 1855. County seat, Olathe. Named for Rev. Thomas Johnson, a Methodist minister, who in 1829 established a mission among the Shawnee Indians, about eight miles southwest of Kansas City.

Contexts of Behavior Essay

Insights are generally aplenty. These are my assessments so far. Work-life initiatives are strategies implemented by firms to reduce turnover and increase productivity and overall firm performance. Studies were made to examine the influence and effects of work-life initiatives on employees and the organization in general. Workplace diversity which incorporates the concepts of work-life initiatives does indicate that it is inevitable that when a company introduces work-life initiatives, there is a resulting increase in diversity. Substantial evidence point to the effectiveness of workplace diversity hence, many institutions encourage and promote this in their particular milieu (http://www. cmdronline. com/workshops. htm). It is inevitable that juggling work and family life will be one of a person’s demanding experiences. The rationale for having a job is not only to have a livelihood, achieve personal satisfaction in the expression of his abilities and trainings, and receive his remuneration and perks on the side. Preparation for family stability to be able to provide and thus create an atmosphere of care, for bachelors/maidens, is also the foremost and logical reason for having a job. However, the thin thread that separates between the two polarities becomes blurred, and there lies the tension that pulls a person in different directions. The Center for Mediation and Dispute Resolution opens its website with the following quote: â€Å"Our life is one giant balancing act (http://www. cmdronline. com/workshops. htm). † Perhaps, no person will ever disagree with that statement. The goal then is to know how to do the balancing act, to gain competencies in achieving a rewarding, flourishing kind of life that holds work in one hand, while maintaining a well-nurtured and healthy family on the other hand. Every home has its set of beliefs or tradition that they hold in high esteem. This is referred to as family values. Anything that the family believes is important comprises a family values system. Among the values an individual possesses, the most important I believe is that a person must regard most his/her values about family as the most significant. Many people don’t usually pause and contemplate what their values are. They may not know whether these values they already have are still practical or useful in a modern day world. Moreover, they do not think how their values fit in with their kind of milieu that they evolve in. There are families that take time out though to impart to their children what had been passed on to them when they too were yet very young. The values may not be as strong as when were yet children because the person may have adapted to his world and adjusted his values that others may be accommodated. Through the years, a family value system may be a combination of what had been passed on to an individual and the values system of one’s friends or colleagues at work (†Values: What are they? † 2007). Why are family values important? The primary reason is that what we hold as important affects how we use time, money and energy or how we interact with people. If a family believes the importance of education then parents try to save for the schooling of their children which includes books among others. Family values influence how we spend our resources and make decisions. Parents then need to communicate what their own family values are, why these are important and the specifics of what are most essential that the children must also adopt or follow. Children also need to respect others who have dissimilar value system as compared to their own. Most likely values will evolve but when parents lead the children and model these beliefs, their children will be able to learn and pass these on to the next generation (†Values: What are they? † 2007). In addition, insights on work efficiency greatly challenged me to perform well alongside preserving my values at home. I raise or contribute to my family livelihood and time comes when I will manage people, I generally know what I want to see in them. We consider one person more efficient than another if he accomplishes more in the same time, or with the same energy expenditure. Other factors that have an important bearing on efficiency are: (1) the adequacy of training for the job; (2) the characteristics of the machine and other devices; (3) the motivation and related conditions of work; and (4) the degree to which performance is free from fatigue. It is common in business to have employees whose performances are not satisfactory and who are sometimes an actual problem to management. But it will be difficult all the more when as a person – I am not able or find myself in incomplete control of things that are happening around me. Reference: Halonen, JS and JW Santrock, 1996. Psychology: Contexts of Behavior, Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark, p. 810. â€Å"Values: what are they? †2007. Family Works : University of Illinois extension. Accessed November 10. 2007. http://www. urbanext. uiuc. edu/familyworks/values-01. html

Clashing Civilization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 574 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Environment Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Civilization Essay Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Hannah Duggan September 17, 2010 â€Å"Clashing Civilizations? † by Edward Said In Edward Said’s essay â€Å"Clashing Civilizations? †, he analyses in detail the arguments of Samuel Huntington in his paper on â€Å"Clash of Civilizations†. Edward Said incisively analyzes Huntington’s notion that differences in culture between the ‘West’ and ‘Islam’ will lead to conflicts between the two civilizations. Arguing against large understanding of cultures, Said makes a powerful case for multiculturalism. As he argues in this essay, â€Å"A unilateral decision made to undertake crusades, to oppose their evil with our good, to extirpate terrorism and, in Paul Wolfowitz’s nihilistic vocabulary, to end nations entirely, doesn’t make the supposed entities any easier to see; rather, it speaks to how much simpler it is to make bellicose statements for the purpose of mobilizing collective passions than to reflect , examine, sort out what it is we are dealing with in reality, the interconnectedness of innumerable lives, ‘ours’ as well as ‘theirs’. † Said argues that collapsing complex, diverse and contradictory groups of people into vast, simplistic groups has disastrous consequences. In Huntington’s original piece, he believes that the Muslim culture is more involved in wars and conflict than any other culture. He also believes that the clash of distinct cultures and civilizations is the potential root cause of the reinvigorated conflicts between nations differing in religious beliefs. Said, on the other hand, feels as though Huntington is using labels, generalizations, and culture assertions as reasoning to his thesis. He states, â€Å"Certainly neither Huntington nor Lewis has much time to spare for the internal dynamics and plurality of every civilization; or for considering that the major contest in most modern cultures concerns the definitio n or interpretation of each culture; or for the unattractive possibility that a great deal of demagogy and downright ignorance is involved in presuming to speak for a whole religion or civilization. † Said feels, as though Huntington is basing his hypothesis strictly on assumptions and stereotypes, he has no factual backup. The next point Said makes is how articles like the one Samuel Huntington published, give readers and the public a confusing message. Since Huntington uses generalizations and undetermined labels such as â€Å"Islam† and â€Å"the West†, it is up for the reader to determine what people and places he is specifically talking about, therefore giving many people mixed conclusions. He states, â€Å"This is the problem with unedifying labels such as Islam and the West: They mislead and confuse the mind, which is trying to make sense of a disorderly reality that wont be pigeonholed. For Edward Said, the West as an ideological concept is crucial to the misinterpretation of other civilizations, especially Islamic civilizations, as potentially hostile and compulsive. However, words like West are exploited heavily by western media as an easy and pragmatic mean to convey the imaginary ideological differences between West and Islamic. This form of mislabeling, according to Edward Said, leads to confusion, and ultimately results in the misinterpretation of other civilizations as potentially hostile to the West. Edward Said proposes that instead of see differences, we should look for parallels, and instead of battling each other ideologically, we should reconcile with other ideologies. He also describes our history as a universally shared history; therefore, it is our duty to reconcile with each other, and try to understand each other on firm objective bases instead of assuming imaginary ideological boundaries. Once this happens, we will be one step closer to a peaceful world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Clashing Civilization?" essay for you Create order

International Investment And Trade Foreign Policy Goals...

In regards to international investment and trade, a government’s political proposals are deeply in conflict with its economic arguments (Heuet, 2015) despite both being implemented with the focal objective to improve a country’s market efficiency and competitiveness. Despite the concern and view that government intervention results in protecting the interests’ of producers at the expense of consumer interests, it is imperative to recognise that imposed trade barriers, such as tariffs, taxes and quotas, occur to simply benefit the whole of a nation. While it may appear at times that consumer interests are being overlooked, without governments enforcing these protectionist policies, developed countries would not have acquired today’s†¦show more content†¦In terms of national security, governments impose restrictions when defence-related industries, for example weapons and aerospace, are involved as one of their aims is to guard their respective nati ons. Furthering foreign policy objectives is also a key political reason. This refers to preferential treatment granted to those countries that a government wants strong relations to be built with while enabling the punishment of those who misbehave. For example, during the Afghan war, Pakistan was rewarded when it provided its airbase to the US whereas the likes of Iran and North Korea were listed by USA as unfavourable nations (Dawn, 2012). Lastly, given that governments have a duty to protect its consumers, many have prohibited the importation of harmful and unsafe products, such as marijuana and children’s toys. In addition to political reasons, governments also intervene in investment and trade to maintain or enhance their economic positions. Countries’ leaders find it essential and rightly so, to offer protection to new and emerging industries, referred to as infant industries, from stern competition until they possess a comparative advantage to be capable of competing efficiently in international markets. The other economic reason for intervention is based on the strategic trade policy, which states that a government should assist domestic firms to attain first-mover advantages and also

The Theory Of Intersectionality And Gender Inequality

The theory of intersectionality has received a widespread of various distinct definitions and usage; it is often unclear of its designed function may be. Intersectionality is defined as â€Å"the acknowledgment that different forms of identity-based discrimination can combine to give rise to unique brands of injustice†(Lucas 8). In other words, how the classification of one’s individuality such as gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class can intertwine with each other among the social structure. The term was first coined by feminist and civil rights advocate Kimberlà © Crenshaw who spoke upon the discrimination and marginalization of black women and how both institutions interconnect with one another. The significance of†¦show more content†¦It concluded the dismissal of the case and a prime example of the failed practice of intersectionality by the community. An example of intersectionality was my experience with the connection of my race and gen der when they’re merged. One issue I frequently struggle with is the normalization of standard racial profiling, in any event, I am associated in. One event of this occurred when my sister and I went to the store to buy makeup. She enjoyed purchasing new makeup every month and decided to tag me along with her. During that time, I was not very experienced with makeup and decided to browse the store for a dark liquid lipstick that complimented my skin tone. In the corner of my eye, I began to see an employee follow me in every aisle and recently stopped me when I tried to distance myself from her. A common question she asked every customer was: â€Å"May I help you?† and immediately assist the client, but her demeanor showed otherwise. She would tend to glance at my pockets then return to her position near the cashier. It was a couple of minutes later when a male customer walked into the store to browse also. I began to see a difference when employees began to observe him. However, one difference was the number of employees that surrounded him. There was more than one employee in every aisle in his proximity, and one wasShow MoreRelatedIntersectionality Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesI will try to explain intersectionality. First of all you need to know what intersectionality is. Intersectionality is a theoretical framework which explains violence or discrimination against humans. Now I will give you an example and then try to co nnect it to intersectionality. I will use an example of spider web to explain this theory. This example will give you some idea about intersectionality. Think about a spider web. A Point in the centre and all threads connected to each other. If we removeRead MoreIntersectionality715 Words   |  3 PagesIntersectionality of Gender Inequality Name: Institution: Intersectionality of Gender Inequality For many decades, women have experienced all forms of oppression and constant violence that threatened their existence in the male-dominated society. Various forms of discrimination and oppression have been directed to women for decades. Violence directed at women such as rape and battery were seen and treated as isolatedRead MoreGender Inequality And Racial Inequality Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries and even today, gender inequality and racial prejudice continue to exist. Throughout time these concepts have overlapped and intertwined, each other creating complex interactions and a negative influence upon society. 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We shall define and critically assess themes such as intersectionality and the use of standpoint theory as an epistemological position, as well as analysing the importance of sexuality to post colonial theory. In order to support our findings we shall reference key authors such as Gavatri Spivak, Patricia Hill Collins and Audre Lorde, as their work will aid in providing examples of key postcolonialRead MoreSocial And Academic Performance Of Undocumented Mexican Women Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesthe following questions: What propels guilt, anxiety and sense of separation in undocumented Mexican women, specially undocumented female Mexican students? How does intersectionalities and the Critical Race Theory play a role to address this issues? How does immigration pattern change their experience? What role do intersectionalities play on perpetuating this feelings? And, most importantly how are the feelings of guilt, anxiety and sense of separation address in Reyna Grande’s The Distance Between

How Boys Become Men Free Essays

How Boys Become Men The article â€Å"How Boys Become Men† written by Jon Katz, gives a positive statement on how boys still haven’t change and are still growing up the same. Jon Katz, shares with us while walking his dog one day, he saw a boy get beaten by a group of older boys. While walking towards him, Katz asked if he was okay; the boy said yes and begun to swing like nothing happened. We will write a custom essay sample on How Boys Become Men or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that what Jon Katz states is true, because the fact is; boys are always going to think they’re the Alpha Male in every situation. For example: who can climb the highest Rock, who can make a bigger splash in the pool or who can maybe get a girlfriend first. From experience when hanging out with my brother and his guy friends, they always end up trying to compete against each other. In my opinion I think it’s funny the things they make each other do. One day we were all going as a family to hike at Great Falls, and my brother decided to bring his three closes guy friends, Mark, Anthony and Oscar. As we all began to hike the path, before you knew it the boys were all ready starting to race to the top. There was another time my friend Kevin and I, went to swim in Lake Anna and he challenged me to jump from the highest rock into the water. As I finished jumping, I saw him already preparing to jump in as well. When he got out of the water, I saw that his foot had minor cuts and asked him if he was okay. He brushed off what I said, and said, â€Å"let’s go again! † Lastly, boys always tend to be strong and not let others know they’re hurting. This is what happened to my older brother as fell off his bike and hurt his knee, when he was ten years old. Another example were boys decide to be the â€Å"Alpha Males†, could be at the pool with their friends. Last summer my friend Ashley and her boyfriend decided to meet my friend Alex and I at the pool. Ashley’s boyfriend John, and my close friend Alex hit it of from the start. I saw that John did something that Alex, in my opinion never had done before. Alex did the trick, that John dared him to do with out hesitating and hit his leg really hard, (by looks of it) on the corncrake. Momentarily, they began swimming and Alex ignored the bump on his leg. Boys in my opinion never want to show they are not up for a challenge. Every time my brother’s friends come over, they always began playing around and see who is the strongest out of all of them. Or from what I see, they could also began to lift certain objects and see who can throw them the farthest. Lastly, it’s not all about the who can be the better rock climber or who is the strongest, but maybe who can capture a girls heart first. I have seen this many times from boys who have lost friendships over the same girl they liked, only because they both wanted to be with her. Sadly, only one gets the girl. This is were things get really hectic, and boys sometimes become foes, instead of friends. Boys often get very competitive if they both want the same girl, just like my brother did with his ex best friend, Joey. Also they never want to admit they lost, sometimes they simply say they didn’t try hard enough. In conclusion, yes, boys want to be that strong, fearless, awesome guy that they have been taught mostly by, their parents or society. But just as Jon Katz says, they want love and understanding when things do not go right for them. Which is very similar how girls are as well. Boys just tend not to show it, because of the pride they have or what they have gone through in their childhood. To sum it all up, boys are always going to be the same, but as they grow up they will learn how to deal with their insecurities in life. How to cite How Boys Become Men, Essay examples

Trifles By Susan Glaspel Essay Example For Students

Trifles By Susan Glaspel Essay The short one-act play Trifles By Susan Glaspel Essayl, was years ahead of its time. Its time was 1916 but the subject matter is timeless. The aspect of this play that most caught my interest was the contrast between the men and women characters. This is a play written in the early 1900s but transcends time periods and cultures. This play has many strengths and few weaknesses, but helps to provide a very accurate portrait of early American women and the issues they dealt with in everyday comings and goings. The use of vernacular speech, in this play, lends to the overall feeling of life in the early 20th century. This definitely aids in establishing a link with this plays key audience, women. And also helps to establish the plays surroundings and setting. The use of language provides a backdrop for the play, illustrating the differences between men and women. More so, the purpose of this play was to illustrate the common bond between women, even in the face of the law. It proves that in hard times people of a common bond usually stick together, and written in the face of the up and coming womens suffrage movement provides the reader with a real understanding of the motivation and the dedication these women put into their work. The symbolism used in this play is directed at the need for equal rights for women, and the role many men played in squashing that dream. The bird and bird cage are metaphors for the laws in place which prevent women from voting and the need to be free from those oppressors. The singing of the bird is symbolically the out crying of a nation of women who demand the right to vote. Also the husband, who broke the birds neck, represents the men who oppressed and opposed women, and who ultimately meet their demise. The last truly symbolic instance is the knotting of the rope and the knotting of the stitches. The fact that the women in this play stay together till the end, draws back upon the very essence of the womens suffrage movement. The ending of this play leaves much in the open. The audience never learns of the fate of Mrs. Wright. The relationship between men and women, more so husbands and wives, is front stage in this play. Just as many husbands and wives had very different opinions on rights, the sheriffs wife is outwardly defiant and aids in helping Mrs. Wright. Written obviously to express her concerns about the life women were leading, this play provides a look at the relationship between men and women, from the womans perspective, which was extremely rare in the 1920s. Written with brilliant imagery and contextual relevancy, this plays value will continue to live on a sign of womens independence and resolve. .

Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area Essay Example

Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area Essay Lithuanian Cultural Policy and the European Union The cultural policy has been adopted by the European Union during the 1990s with the aim of creating a European identity which would bring the people of Europe closer and which would lead them to identify themselves as â€Å"Europeans†. On the other hand, the cultural policy adopted by the Union remained supplementary in its character as the member states did not want to lose their sovereignties, especially on such an issue that underlines the national identities, (Sassatelli, 436) As a result, the European cultural policy became one that respects and tries to protect the national cultures of the member states on the one hand, while it tries to create a European culture and identity on the other. In other words, the main aim of the European cultural policy is to create unity in diversity. Sassatelli, 30) Although it is supplementary in character and although the Union is not the decision maker in the cultural matters, the member states are expected to follow the cultural policy of the Union which suggests them to protect their national heritage, cooperate with other member states in cultural matters, to promote an inclusive national culture, to adopt a democratic, open and competitive national cultural policy. Lithu ania, which became a member of the European Union in 2004, had a different cultural policy understanding than the Union and its member states as it was a Communist country. We will write a custom essay sample on Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lithuania Eu Cultural Policy Area specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With the end of Communism and with the aim of becoming a member of the European Union, Lithuania has changed its cultural policy and shaped the new policy according to the idea of cultural policy adopted by the Union; a competitive, inclusionary, and based on cooperation. European Union Cultural Policy The first steps towards the establishment of a cultural policy in the European Union were taken during the late 1970s, when the European Union was European Community. In the 1973 with the wave of enlargement and with the economic crisis the Community faced, the member states signed a Declaration of the European Identity. With the Declaration they stated that the member states of the Community share common attitudes and their aim is to build a society which gives priority to the individuals. (Bozoki, 2) The low turn out in the first direct elections for the European parliament made the Community to realize that there was a need to take measures for unification of peoples of Europe as it became obvious that economic integration alone would not lead to such thing. In 1984, the European Council set up a Committee for a People’s Europe. The main aim of the Committee was to take necessary measures to strengthen the European identity. The Committee produced two reports in both of which it was suggested to increase cooperation between the member states in the area of culture, information, and communication. The reports also argued for the development of cultural projects in the form of cultural exchanges, town twining schemes, and youth programs (Bozoki 3). However, the reports were away from proposing a common cultural policy. Another attempt to create a European cultural policy came in the mid 1980s when the Community was preparing itself to the Single European Act, which created the internal market. In 1985, the Delors Commission started to implement the proposals of the Committee for a People’s Europe. During the time the blue flag with twelve stars were adopted as the official flag of the Community. European passports, driving licenses were introduced together with the European postage stamps. (Bozoki, 3) The European Cultural Area was created with the aim of promoting educational exchanges, translation of literary works, and town twining schemes. Another program that was adopted during the time was the Cultural Capitals of Europe. The European Union has legalized its cultural policy with the Treaty of Maastricht, the treaty establishing the European Union, for the first time in 1991. The 151. Article of the treaty states â€Å"The Community shall contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the Member States, while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore†. Bozoki, 4) The article on the Cultural Policy further suggests that â€Å"Cultural policy is governed by the principle of subsidiarity, with Community action is to be taken only if the objective cannot be achieved sufficiently by member states alone. Thus EU-level cultural policy is limited to encouraging cooperation between member states, and, if necessary supporting and supplementing their action†. (Bozoki, 4) According to the article the Union should take into consideration cu ltural compatibility when it implements cultural policies. The European Cultural Policy had three aims. The first one of these was to improve the knowledge of the culture and history of the Europe and its people. The second aim was to conserve the European cultural heritage and the last aim was to support the cultural exchange and artistic creation. In order to achieve these aims three cultural programs have been implemented by the Union between 1996 and 1999. The first one of these programs was â€Å"Kaleidoscope†. The aim of the program was to encourage artistic creation and promote cultural awareness among the peoples of Europe in the areas of creative arts, performing arts, and applied arts by means of exchange and cultural cooperation. Kouveliotis, 5) The second program was â€Å"Ariane†. It aimed to promote knowledge of European literary works through the means of translation. The objective of the program was to create awareness in the member states regarding the current literary art together with the current drama. (Kouveliotis, 6) The third program that implemente d in the 1997- 2000 period was â€Å"Raphael†. The aim of the program was to encourage cooperation among the member countries of the Union in the area of cultural heritage. Kouveliotis, 8) The program aimed to bring the common cultural to the fore while respecting the national diversities. The European Capital of Culture was another program that adopted by the European Union. The main objective of the program was to highlight the diversity and richness of European cultures and to promote greater mutual acquaintance between European citizens. (Kouveliotis, 10) Under the program starting from 2005, each year a city would be chosen as the European capital of culture. The objectives of the program were to highlight the artistic movements and styles shared by Europeans, to promote events involving people active in culture from other cities in the member states of the Union, to ensure mobilization and participation of large sections of population, to encourage reception of citizens of the European Union and to reach as wide an audience as possible by employing multimedia and multilingual approach, to promote dialogue between European cultures and other cultures in the world, to exploit the historic heritage, urban architecture, and quality of the city. Kouveliotis, 10) In the year 2000, the Union adopted Culture 2000 program under which all the three programs were merged. The Culture 2000 program aims to promote creativity and disseminate culture through support Europe wide cooperation between cultural organizations, institutions within and outside of the Union (Kouveliotis, 12). Under the program three types of activities were defined to be support ed. These are innovative activities, experimental actions of multiannual cultural cooperation, and cultural events with European dimension. Kouveliotis, 12) In 2007, Culture 2007 program was implemented by the Union for the period of 2007- 2013. (Dewey, 99) The main aim of the program is to focus on the mobility of artists and art works in order to enhance cultural cooperation in the Union. Lithuanian Cultural Policy Lithuania is one of the countries that faced transition from Communism to liberal democracy. Like all other policies the cultural policy of the country was also affected by that change in the regime. During the Soviet period the cultural policy of the country were under the control of the Communist Party (Council of Europel/ERICarts 2). In other words, the cultural policy of the country was under an ideological influence and control. The Soviet cultural policy and its administration were under the lines of strict command of the party. The cultural events and institutions were used by the party to legitimize Communism. The privileges were offered to the artists. In this way the artists were attracted to the ruling circles and they were prevented to produce artifacts criticizing the regime (Council of Europel/ERICarts 2). As a result of such policy implementation, democratic forms of cultural self government cannot be established in Lithuania. Lithuania was one of the post-Soviet era East European countries that applied European Union for full membership. Like all other candidate countries, Lithuania had to take the necessary steps in order to fulfill the criteria defined by the Union in order to become a member of the Union. The Maastrich criteria, which Lithuania was expected to fulfill, consist of three criterions. The first one of these is the political according to which every candidate country should adopt rule of law, respect minority rights, and stable democratic institutions. Varbanova, 54) The second criterion is the economic one. Under this criterion a candidate country should adopt a well functioning market economy and should be able to compete in the European market. (Varbanova, 54) The third criterion is the adoption of â€Å"acquis communautaire† and the last criterion is to have the capacity to fulfill the membership obligations. As far as the cultural policy during the accession process is concerned , the candidate countries are required to complete a questionnaire on the economic and public sectors which includes ulture and audio visual policy. (Varbanova, 54) The questionnaire includes legislation for protecting cultural heritage, legislation in the field of broadcasting, the national system for the support of artistic activities, professional training, and arts education. (Varbanova, 54) In this respect, Lithuania benefited from the European financial support schemes provided to candidate countries under the Culture Program, Structural Funds, and European initiatives to advance cultural cooperation. With the end of the Communist regime in 1989, a new era in the Lithuanian politics has started. The country turned its face to Europe and started to implement the necessary measures to be a liberal democracy. This process also affected the Lithuanian cultural policy. In the year of 1991, the Lithuanian government has adopted a new program called â€Å"Market†, Democracy Freedom which set a new direction of the Lithuanian cultural policy as the program included a specific objective which was the development of a â€Å"Lithuanian Cultural Model†. Dufton, 15) This new cultural model aimed to bring freedom of expression, democratic process and an arms length approach, according to which the policy making and policy implementation in the area of culture would be separated from each other. In other words, the new program brought decentralization to the Lithuanian cultural policy. On the other hand, throughout the 1990s the decisions taken regarding the cultural policy in Lith uania cannot be taken appropriately due to the some problems faced by the country. The first problem the country faced regarding the cultural policy was the lack of money as a result of which the projects could not be implemented. The second problem was the lack of local government tradition. The third problem was the exclusion of some sectors of the population from cultural activities and the fourth problem was the contradictions in the legislation. (Dufton, 18) The cultural activities which were financed by the central and local government generally were spent on the existing cultural institutions such as theaters, cinemas, libraries etc. As the number of the audiences and the performances decreased the burden of financing the cultural activities started to rest with the government. (Dufton, 19) The decision making process regarding the cultural policy was at the hands of the high executives. As a result, most of the important channels were cut off from the process, leading to disintegration in cultural services. (Dufton, 19) As the problems in the above mentioned areas continued to exist, Lithuania passed a law, Law on the Amendment of the Law on Local Self-Government, for the decentralization of the cultural policy making and implementation. The law provided the local governments the legal and administrative capacities to implement cultural policy according to the needs of their communities. Another development in the decentralization of cultural policy came in 2002, when the Lithuanian government adopted the Cultural Development Program of the Regions, with the aim to form the administrative, financial, legal and information basis for the development of regional culture (Council of Europel/ERICarts 10). In 2002, Lithuania adopted a document called â€Å"State’s Long Term Development Strategy† defining the aims of the Lithuanian cultural policy as â€Å"to preserve and promote common European cultural values and national identity, to warrant its prolongation, openness and competitiveness in contemporary Lithuanian, European and the World cultural context†. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 11) Furthermore, the new cultural policy aimed to guarantee participation in culture life of the Lithuanian society and consumption of culture. The cultural identity of the Lithuanian culture was defined as the use of national language, state protection of the ethnic culture, national heritage, and support national minorities living in Lithuania. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 12) Moreover, the cultural policy aimed to improve the administrative system on national heritage protection, expand the democracy in cultural life, to set the basic principles for state’s support to art and artists, to stimulate regional cultural development and cooperation of tourism and cultural institutions, and to develop the information society and access to culture. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 12) In this respect it can rightly be argued that the cultural policy adopted by Lithuania was in line with the cultural policy objectives of the Union. It aimed to promote European values as a part of the Lithuanian culture, to promote cooperation with other states regarding the cultural programs, to increase the participation of the Lithuanian soc iety in cultural programs and to promote the Lithuanian culture in such a way that all the different elements of the Lithuanian society would be reflected. Current Issues in Lithuanian Cultural Policy National minorities and their place in the Lithuanian cultural policy are some of the current issues in the Lithuanian cultural policy. Lithuania has been one of the first Central and Eastern European counties which passed the Law on National Minorities. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 13) Under this law the national minorities have the right to receive state support for fostering of their national culture. They have access to information and press in their native language and to establish cultural and educational organizations. Furthermore, the national minorities are given the right to organize cultural events in their native languages. Moreover, the minorities have the right to publish books and newspapers in their own languages. In addition to this, according of the Law of Education the educational institution should provide information on ethnic cultures into their curricula. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 13) In 2004 the Lithuanian government passed the Program of Integration of National Minorities into Society for the years 2005-2010 with the objectives of integrating national minorities into Lithuanian cultural life, preservation of ethnic identities of minorities, and development of coherent relationships with the minorities. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14). The state and the municipalities provide financial support for the cultural organizations and events of the national minorities. As it is mentioned above another main objective of the Lithuanian Cultural Policy is to promote openness of the Lithuanian national culture through promoting Lithuanian culture abroad and to familiarize the local population with the culture of other nations. The regions where the national minorities lived as majorities have adopted special cultural programs and education programs. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14) In addition to integrate the national minorities into the culture of Lithuania, these programs also aim to bring regional economic development to these areas. As it is mentioned above, one of the aims of the Lithuanian cultural policy is to bring equal access to the culture to everyone in the culture life of the country. The programs adopted by the government such as The Regional Culture Development Program and the Support to Young Artists Program brought measures to increase the participation to regional cultural events and to integrate the young artists into the cultural market. Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14) Although the state remained as the main supported of the above mentioned cultural programs, the private sector started to emerge as an important supporter and initiator of cultural events in Lithuania. Private sector in cooperation with NGOs implemented many social cohesion acts such as the Open Air Museum of the Centre of Europe, which also was included into the Culture 2000 Project of the Union. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14) Artistic Parks in Nature: the Bridge for Teaching Contemporary Art in Schools was a project developed by the private sector and NGOs. It involved young people and professional artists from different countries. The project, Uzupio Respublika has been one of the important projects developed under the Lithuanian cultural policy. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 14). It was started by a group of young artists in 1990s. It became an important place for the cultural organizations such as festivals. Publications of books and film productions also have taken their places in the Lithuanian Cultural Policy. Translation of foreign books into Lithuanian language has become one of the priorities according to the cultural policy of the country. As far as the film production is concerned, the state plays an important role in the financial support. After the accession to the European Union the film producers started to cooperate with companies from other countries. The cultural heritage and its protection is one of the important areas under the Lithuanian cultural policy. In 1994 with a law passed by the government, the Law on the Basic National Security of Lithuania, cultural heritage became a national security object. (Council of Europel/ERICarts, 17- 18) During the last years the government has taken several steps in the area. Training programs for the protection of national heritage were implemented with the fund provided by World Heritage Fund. The protection of the heritage was also decentralized as the local authorities were given more funds for the protection of heritage. However, the insufficient funding remains as an important problem in the protection of heritage. Conclusion Lithuania has adapted its cultural policy according to the cultural policy aims of the European Union. The country has taken the necessary measures to protect its national culture, including the culture of the national minorities. It has developed and implemented programs in order to familiarize its society with the different cultural elements that existed within Lithuania. The country also developed cultural programs to promote the Lithuanian culture abroad and cooperated with other countries in this regard. Moreover, the country has also promoted the idea of protection of national heritage and has taken the necessary steps, despite some financial problems the policy regarding heritage works well. In 2009 Lithuania involved in the European Capital of Culture Project with Vilnius. In this regard, it can rightly be stated that the Lithuanian cultural policy has affected by the ideas promoted by the European cultural policy in the sense that Lithuania promoted a democratic national cultural policy, embracing the European identity and promoting the Lithuanian one. As far as the other side of the coin, the European cultural policy is concerned, it can be suggested that the Union’s cultural policy is not affected by the Lithuanian cultural policy. But as it is the case with other member states, Lithuanian cultural policy contributes to the development of the European culture and identity. With the adopted projects Lithuanian culture is known in other member states of the European Union and the European identity gains another component; Lithuanian. In other words, the programs promoted by the Union which are adopted and implemented by Lithuania enrich the European culture and identity. Bibliography Bozoki, Andras. Cultural Policy and Politics at European Union. 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